Antropologi dan Sosiologi
Definisi dan Fokus
SOCIOLOGI AND ANTHROPOLOGY
1. What is sociology?
2. What is its focus?
3. What is anthropology ?
4. What is the sphere of
anthropology?
Anthropology is one of the social
sciences
• It is closely related in various ways to sociology, psychology
and economics
Definitions and Focus
DEFINITIONS AND FOCUS
• The word anthropology is derived from two Greek words: anthropos
meaning "man" or "human“ (homo sapiens) and logos is (study), or
reasons, so that anthropology is the study of humans.
• More specifically, it is the study of human differences, cultural and
biological, in the context of human nature.
• Study the similarities of human activities (eg. The concept of wealth,
beauty, etc)
• Anthropologists identify and compare behavior of a particular group
against the full range of human behavior.
• Anthropologists studied the way of life, remains,
language, and physical characteristics of primitive
people -- social facts.
• until after the Second World War,
anthropology focused almost exclusively on
non-Western or tribal peoplesuntil after the
Second World War, anthropology focused
almost exclusively on non-Western or tribal
peoples. In fact, this "third world focus" was
the distinguishing characteristic of the
discipline.
Cultural anthropology/ social
anthropology
• Study the growth of human societies in the world.
• It is a study of group behavior, the origins of religion,
social customs, technological developments, and family
relationships.
• It also enables to study the oral history of the group being
studied. Oral histories are constructed from a society's
poems, songs, myths, proverbs, and folk tales
• Physical and cultural anthropology are connected by two
other fields of study:
1) archaeology and
2) applied anthropology.
• archaeologists find the remains of ancient buildings, tools,
pottery, and other artifacts by which a past culture may be
dated and described.
Focus: Social
anthropology
• Human beings are social animals
• Our most fundamental behaviour is all social in
orientation:
o Language & communication
o Dress & bodily adornment
o Cuisine
• Some anthropologists regard society as an organism of its
own accord
• Just as our bodies are composed of interrelated organs, so
the institutions of society work together to serve the larger
organism, society.
• Social anthropologists begin their study of society with the
study of basic social institutions, such as kinship, religion,
economics & politics
• Social anthropologists’ focus is fundamentally the group
•Like most social sciences, anthropology had its
beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century
•In 19th Century, anthropology was influenced by Social
Darwinism very much.
Modern Anthropology
• 3 men are regarded as the founders of modern
anthropology:
• Franz Boas
• Bronislaw Malinowski
• [A. R. R. Radcliffe-Brown]
Qualitative study
Ethnography
Example:
Raymond Firth, Malay Fishermen
James Scott, Weapons of the weak
Sato Ikuya, Kamikaze Biker
Works of the Chicago School
o Franz Boas (1858-1941)
o Born and educated in Germany
o Migrated to the USA in the 1880s to study American Indian
populations (who were then being conquered and resettled)
o Boas believed that this uprooting of these people would
destroy their culture and set out to document their cultures
and traditions before it was too late
• Boas’ approach was broadly comparative
• His method was to sit tribal elders and collect data on cultural
traditions, and perhaps to have those traditions re-enacted for
him
• He catalogued and mapped out almost all the North American
native cultures
• His major contribution to the discipline of anthropology was
the concept of cultural relativism
o Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)
o Malinowski’s approach was somewhat different from
Boas’. Rather than compiling lots of data from many
different informants, he believed that the best way to
collect data was by participant observation — by living
among the people under study for an extended period of
time and becoming familiar with their culture in that way
Some Major Twentieth-Century Anthropologists
• A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
• Marcel Mauss
• Claude Lévi-Strauss
• Margaret Mead
• Ruth Benedict
• Clyde Kluckhohn
• Alfred Kroeber
• Clifford Geertz
Conclusion
• Anthropology is one of the social sciences
• More specifically, it is the study of human differences, cultural
and biological, in the context of human nature
