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Assessment of Visual Acuity

Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to resolve fine details and discriminate between two closely placed points. It is determined by measuring the smallest object or angle that can be seen at a given distance. The Snellen chart is commonly used to test visual acuity, with letters and symbols of decreasing size arranged in lines. A person's visual acuity is expressed as a Snellen fraction comparing the test distance to the farthest line read clearly. Various tests are used depending on a patient's age, from optokinetic nystagmus in infants to picture and letter charts for older children and adults.

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14 views

Assessment of Visual Acuity

Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to resolve fine details and discriminate between two closely placed points. It is determined by measuring the smallest object or angle that can be seen at a given distance. The Snellen chart is commonly used to test visual acuity, with letters and symbols of decreasing size arranged in lines. A person's visual acuity is expressed as a Snellen fraction comparing the test distance to the farthest line read clearly. Various tests are used depending on a patient's age, from optokinetic nystagmus in infants to picture and letter charts for older children and adults.

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salwa.shah103
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL

ACUITY
DEFINITON OF VISUAL ACUITY

• It is the measure of spatial resolution of eye (or) estimation of its


ability to discriminate between two closely placed points.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF VISION
• Angle subtended at the nodal point of eye by physical dimensions AB
of the object.
Visual acuity is a highly complex function that consists of

Minimum visible: Detection of presence or absence of stimuli


Minimum separable: Identify the spatial characteristics of the target
Minimum resolvable : Ability to distinguish between more than one
identifying feature in visible target
MINIMUM ANGLE OF RESOLUTION( MAR)
• Two points can be recognized as separate when they subtend an angle
of 1 min of arc at nodal point of eye.
• The normal angular threshold of discrimination for resolution measures
approximately 30-60 sec of arc called MAR
SNELLENS ACUITY CHART
• Designed by Dr.HERMAN SNELLEN IN
1862
• Symbols and letters are called optotypes
• Black capital letters against white
background
• Number of letters varies in different lines
• Non-uniform decrease in size of letters from
top to bottom
• Fixed spacing between lines
• Evenly illuminated
PROCEDURE OF TESTING
• Distance -6m or 20 feet
• Illumination
Illuminated chart- dimly lit room
Non- illuminated- chart in sun, patient in
shade
• One eye at a time
• Start reading from top till he can see the
finest line
• Repeat with pinhole and spectacle correction
SNELLEN’S FRACTION

6/6
Distance of the test
--------------------------------------------------------
Distance at which a person with normal vision can see the optotype
What if person can’t read the top letter?
• Move 1 meter closer to the chart (5/60)
• Keep moving (4/60-1/60)
• Count fingers close to face
• Appreciates hand movement (HM +)
• Perceive light (PL+)
• If PL + ,Projection of rays in different
quadrants
VA ASSESSMENT IN CHILDREN:

Normal visual acuity in various age groups are

• At birth - 6/120
• 4 months-6/60
• 6 months-6/36
• 1 year-6/18
• 2 years- 6/6
INFANTS
• MENACE REFLEX-reflex blinking in response to visual threat
Develops by 5 months
• OPTO-KINETIC NYSTAGMUS –
A succession of black and white stripes are passed through the
patient's visual field.
• CATFORD –DRUM TEST:
It is an objective method to evaluate the objective visual acuity by
inducing optokinetic nystagmus.

• PREFERENTIAL LOOKING TEST:


Infant's attention is more attracted by a patterned stimulus as
compared to a homogenous surface .
• Teller's acuity cards
The cards are shown at a distance of 38 cm, an observer watches an infant's
eye and head movements in response to repeated presentation of these cards.

• Lea's gratings
Preferential looking test used for visual acuity assessment of infants and
children with disability.
• VEP
The measure of the cortical activity generated in response to the patterned
stimulus
1-2 YEARS:

• Worth’s Ivory Ball Test


• Boeck Candy Test

2-3 YEARS
• Cardiff acuity test
• Miniature toy test
• Coin test
• Lea symbols
3-5 YEARS
• Allen’s picture test
• Sheridan letter test
• Lea symbols
• Tumbling E test
• Sjogren’s hand test
• Landolt broken ring test (VA assessment in illiterates)
THANK YOU

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