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Complex Tissues

Xylem is the principal water conducting tissue that is made of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids are elongated cells with thick lignified walls that conduct water and provide support. Vessels are elongated tube-like structures formed from perforated end walls that efficiently conduct water. Xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma provide structural support and storage. Phloem is the complex tissue that transports food materials and is made of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem fibers and phloem parenchyma. Sieve elements conduct food while companion cells assist them. Phloem fibers and parenchyma provide support and storage.

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655 views

Complex Tissues

Xylem is the principal water conducting tissue that is made of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids are elongated cells with thick lignified walls that conduct water and provide support. Vessels are elongated tube-like structures formed from perforated end walls that efficiently conduct water. Xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma provide structural support and storage. Phloem is the complex tissue that transports food materials and is made of sieve elements, companion cells, phloem fibers and phloem parenchyma. Sieve elements conduct food while companion cells assist them. Phloem fibers and parenchyma provide support and storage.

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raynuabigoa
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COMPLEX TISSUES

Dr.S.Priya
Asst.Professor
Dept of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology
Ethiraj College For Women
COMPLEX TISSUE -XYLEM

• Complex Permanent Tissue


• Principle water conducting tissue
• Two types-
1.Primary xylem– Protoxylem and Metaxylem
2. Secondary xylem
ELEMENTS OF XYLEM

• TRACHEIDS

• VESSELS OR TRACHAEA

• XYLEM FIBRES OR WOOD FIBRES

• XYLEM PARENCHYMA OR WOOD PARENCHYMA


TRACHEIDS

• Elongated cell with tapering ends


• Dead cells at maturity and lack protoplast
• Have large cavity or lumen
• Walls hard and usually lignified
• Thickening- annular, spiral, Scalariform-Primary
xylem and Pitted –Secondary xylem
• In Angiosperms –associated with vessels but in
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms- main bulk of
xylem
• Functions- conduction and storage , supporting
VESSELS
• Elongated tube-like structures-placed end to
end with end walls
• End walls-perforated –perforation plates
• Perforation Plates- two types
Simple perforation: -single perforation
Multiple Perforation: - two or perforations
• Devoid of protoplast
• Thickenings- Annular, spiral, reticulate
Scalariform and pitted
• Found in Angiosperms and few gymnosperms
• Functions- Water conduction and support
XYLEM FIBRES OR WOOD
FIBRES
• Sclerenchyma cells-associated with xylem
• Elongated and pointed at both ends
• Dead cells
• Walls lignified
• On the basis of wall thickeness-two types-
Libriform fibres- extremely thick
Fibre tracheids – medium thickeness
In some septate fibres are seen
Functions- Mechanical strength,
commercial - Textile, brush, filling fibres etc
XYLEM PARENCHYMA OR WOOD PARENCHYMA

• Parenchyma –associated with xylem


• More or less elongated , placed end to end and
may be thick or thin walled
• Living element of xylem
• Found in both primary and secondary xylem
• Functions- storage, conduction
COMPLEX TISSUE -PHLOEM

• Complex permanent tissue


• Also called bast or leptome
• Transport of food materials
• Types-
Primary Phloem-Protophloem and Metaphloem
Secondary Phloem
ELEMENTS OF PHLOEM

1. SIEVE ELEMENTS

2. COMPANION CELLS

3. PHLOEM FIBRES

4. PHLOEM PARENCHYMA
SIEVE ELEMENTS

• The conductive elements of Phloem –sieve elements

• Two types sieve tubes and sieve cells


SIEVE TUBES SIEVE CELLS

• Long tube like structures-


longitudinal rows –end to end • Single cells, do not unite to form
• Transverse walls –end – tubes
perforated –sieve plates • Long, slender with tapering ends
• Sieve plate –simple and • Walls-abundant sieve areas-
compound conduction
• Each perforation-surrounded by • Living
ring of callose
• Functions-conduct food
• living materials
PHLOEM
COMPANION CELLS

• Associated with sieve tubes


• Living
• Occur along with lateral walls of
sieve tubes
• In T.S- rectangular or polyandral
• Absent in Pteridophytes and
gymnosperms
• Assist sieve tubes –translocation
of food
PHLOEM FIBRES OR BAST FIBRES

• Sclerenchyma associated with phloem


• Elongated, pointed and lignified
• Mechanical support, commercial fibres
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA

• Seen only in dicot phloem,


absent in monocots
• Occur both in primary and
secondary phloem
• Store- starch,oil and other foods

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