Finite Element Methods

UNIT - II

Mr . A . SAI KUMAR, Assistant Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engineering 1

– Stiffness equations for a axial bar element in local co-ordinates
using Potential Energy approach and Virtual energy principle
– Finite element analysis of uniform, stepped and tapered
bars subjected to mechanical and thermal loads
– Assembly of Global stiffness matrix and loadvector
– Quadratic shape functions
– properties of stiffness matrix

2
 Axially Loaded
Review: Bar

Stress: Stress:

Strain: Strain:

Deformation: Deformation:

3
 Axially Loaded
Review: Bar

Stress:

Strain:

Deformation

4
 Axially Loaded Bar –
GoverningEquations
and Boundary
Conditions

• Differential
d 
Equation
du 
EA(x)  f (x)  0 0x
dx  dx
L
• Boundary
 Condition Types

• prescribed displacement (essential
BC)

•prescribed force/derivative of
displacement (natural BC)

5
 Axially Loaded Bar –
BoundaryConditions
• Examples
• fixed end

• simple
support

• free end
6
 Potential
Energy
• Elastic Potential Energy (PE)
- Spring case
Unstretched spring

PE  0
Stretched
1 2
bar PE  kx
2
x
- Axially loaded bar

undeformed: PE 
L
0
PE  Adx
1
deformed: 
20
- Elastic body

PE  12 VσT εdv
7
 Potential
Energy
• Work Potential
(WE) f
P f: distributed force over
A B aline
L
P: point force
WP    u  fdx  P  u B u: displacement
0

• Total Potential
1 Adx  L u  fdx  P 
Energy  
L
  B
2 0u
• Principle of Minimum
0
PotentialEnergy
For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible displacement
fields, those corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy.
If the extremum condition is a minimum, the equilibrium state isstable.
8
Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example:
f
P
A B

Step 1: assume a displacement i  1 to

u  i aii x  n
field
 is shape function / basis
function
n is the order of approximation

Step 2: calculate total potential

energy

9
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-
Ritz Approac
f h
Example:

P
A

Step 3:select ai so that the total potential

energy is minimum

10
 FEM Formulation of
AxiallyLoaded
Bar – Governing
Equations
• Differential Equation
EA(x)   f (x)  0 0x
dx   dx L
d  du 

• Weighted-Integral
Formulation
L
0
w d EA(x) du   f (x) dx 
 dx   
0 dx

• Weak
L
Form 
L
dw  du   du 
0  0   EA(x)   wf (x)dx  w EA(x)  0
dx dx dx 11
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example: Method

Step 1:
Discretization

Step 2: Weak form of one P2

P1
element x1 x2
x
 du 
x2
dw  du   
x1 dx 
 
2
EA(x) w( x) f ( x) dx w( x) EA(x)
dx   dx  x1 0
    


x2
 dw  du   P2 w x1 P1 0
 w(x) f ( x) dx  w
x1 
 dx EA(x)   x
dx 15
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 3: Choosing shape

functions
- linear shape u   1 u1   2 u 2
functions
x 
x1 x2   
l
xx x 1 1
1  2 ; 2  x 1 1   ; 2
l l 2  2

  2l x  x1 1; x   1l  x 1

2

13
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 4: Forming element

equation

E,Aare x
x2 x2
constant EA 2

Let w  weak   1l EA u2 u 1 dx   f1 dx   P

l 0
 2  P
1  1 1 EA u1  l u2   1 f dx 
x1
formbecomes x1  x1
l P1
1, x2
x x2
 EA 1 EA 2  2
Let w  2, weak  1l  EA u lu  dx   f dx   P   P  0 l u  l u  xf dx  P
2
2 1 2
2 2 2 21
formbecomes
1
x1 x1

 x2 

1 fdx 
P   f   P1 
EA  1 1 u1    x   1  1
   
1

 P2   f 2 P 2

l 1 1  u2   x
  fdx
2

2   
 x1 
14
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form

systemequation Approach 1:
1 1 0 0 u I  1  f I 1
  
 u   f I  P I 
1I
Element E I A I 1
I PI   2   2   2
1:
0  0     
0 0
 0 1 0 0  0   0 
 0  0     
l 0 0 0
0  0   0  0
Element 0 0 0 uII   f1II   P II 
2: E II AII 0
lII
0 u II1    f 2II   P12II 
00 0 0  
2
 0  0   0    0
1 1    
Element 0
0 0 01
1  0   0 
E III III 0 00
3:  00 00 0  0
   0  0 
  III   
III   
A 0 0 u 
 f  P1 III  18
 1
lIII 0 1 1  u2III   f 2III  P2III 
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form

systemequation Assembled System:

I I
E A 
 E I AI 0 0 

 lI lI  
 E
II II
  
 u1   f1  P1  I f II   I P II
I 1I
E I AII
 E I AI E II AII 0 
 l
lI l II A l II u2   2f    2    f 2  f1    P2  P1 
 u   P   
 f 3  P3   2II 1 III
0  E A   3       f  f 1  P2  P 1 
II III
  E II AII  E III AIII III III

 f 2III   P2III 
II II
E IIA
 l f  l II lIII lIII  u4 4P   4
 0 III III
E III AIII 
0 E A
 
lIII lIII 

16
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form

systemequation Approach 2: Element Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
connectivitye table
kij  K IJ 1 1 2 3

2 2 3 4

local node global node index

(i,j) (I,J)

17
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense

system

Condensed II II

 II II EA
 E A E lAII
I I
system: 0 
 lI lII
 II II  f 2    0 
 E III AIII  2u 
 E A E II IIAII  E IIIAIIIIII  III  u3   f3   0 
 lII l l l
 u   4f   P
 0  E III AIII E III AIII   4 
 
 lIII lIII  21
 Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):

Step 7:
solution

Step 8: post
calculation d2 d2
u  u11  u 22   du  u d11 u 2  1  Eu
 E  Eu 1ddx
dx dx dx 2
dx

22
 Summary - Major Steps
inFEM
• Discretization
• Derivation of element equation
•weak form
•construct form of approximation
solution over one element
•derive finite element model
• Assembling – putting elements together
• Imposing boundary conditions
• Solving equations
23
• Postcomputation
 1D ROD ELEMENTS

 Loading consists of three types : body force f , traction force

T, point load Pi

 Body force: distributed force , acting on every

elemental volume of body i.e. self weight of body.

 Traction force: distributed force , acting on surface of body

i.e. frictional resistance, viscous drag and surface shear

 Point load: a force acting on any single point of element

1D ROD
Element -1 Element-2
ELEMENTS
 Element strain energy 1 T
U  2 q [k
e


 Element stiffness matrix e
]q
Ee e A  1  1

[k ]  
e

 Load vectors le  1 1 
 Element body load vector
 Element traction-force vector 
f  Aele f 1
e 2
1

T  Tle 1
e
2

1
Example 1
Problem statement: (Problem 3.1 from Chandrupatla and Belegunda’s
book)
Consider the bar in Fig.1, determine the following by hand calculation:
1) Displacement at point P 2) Strain and stress
3) Element stiffness matrix 4) strain energy in element

Given:

E  30 106 psi q1  0.02in

Ae  1.2 in2 q2  0.025in
Solution:
1) Displacement (q) at point P
We have

Now linear shape functions N1( ) and N2( ) are given by

And
 Linear Formulation for Bar
Elementu
u 1 f(x) u2

P1 P2
x
x=x1 L= x2- x=
x1 x2

P1    f1   K11 K12 u1 

P2  f2  K K 
22 u2 
12
x2
 x2

, fi   i f
d
where Kij   EA d 
i j 
dx  K ji
 dx dx
x 1

x1
dx
 
 2 

1
x=x1 x=x2
x 25
Higher Order Formulation for
BarElementu u u3
u 1 2

x
1 2 3

u(x)  u11 (x) u22 (x) u33

(x)
u u1 u2 u3 u4

x
1 2 3 4

u(x)  u11 ( x )  u22 ( x )  u33 ( x )  u44 ( x

u
) …………
u1 u2 u3 u4 un
…
x
…………… n
1 2 3 4

u(x)  u11 ( x )  u22 ( x )  u33 ( x )  u44 ( x )        unn

28
(x)
Natural Coordinates and
InterpolationFunctions
=-  =
1
x x=x1 1 x=
x0 x  l x2
x  x  x1

x  x1  x2
Natural (or Normal)   2◻ l /2
Coordinate:
=-  =
1 1  
1   , 2 
1 2 1 1
=-  =    2 2 
1 1 1  , 2     1
 1, 
1 2 12
3

1 2 3 
9  1 ,   27  1  1   
1     1   1    
=-  =
16   3  3  
2
 3 1
1 1 
27
 161  1  9  1 
1 2 3 4 3     1     1, 4   1     
16  3 16  3  3
29
 Quadratic Formulation for Bar
Element
 P1   f1   K11 K 12 K 13 u1 
 P2  f 2    K 12   u 2 
K22 23  
KP   f   K 13 23   u 3 
33 
 3  3 
where Kij  x2 EA ◻ 
dx   EA K
1
K
 i j
 d d d 2 
 ◻i ji
x1 d dx dx  1
K
j

x2
l
and fi   i f dx   i f 
1

x1 1
2  d d  l

 
 d , i, j  1, 2, 3

=- = = 28
1 0 1
 Quadratic Formulation for Bar
Elementu u u
1 f(x) 2
P2 3

P1 P3
x1 x2 x3
=-1 =0 =1

u( )  u1 1 ( )  u2 2 ( )  u3 3 (  )
  
 u2  1

1 2 1 
1 3
u 1u
   2
1  , 2    1  1, 3
1 2  12

x  x1  x2 l d  dx d  2
  2◻ l /2 2 dx l

d1  2 d1  2 1 , d 2  2 d 2 d3  2 d3  2 1

dx l l dx l   4l , dx l l
d d d 31
 Some
Issues
Non-constant cross
section:

Interior load
point:

Mixed boundary condition:

k

32