Engineering Drawing

Introduction
 Why engineering drawing
• As a technical professional , you will inevitably be
required to communicate with different people for
different reason
• In some situation communication will be sufficiently
taken care of by use of plain text
• In other situation , text alone may not suffice and a
more specialized communication may prove
irreplaceably useful
• Drawing is one of the basic form of visual
communication
Purpose of an engineering drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
 Presentation of Engineering Drawing
Orthographic projection
• It is a means of representing three dimensional objects in two
dimension
• It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection
lines are orthogonal to the projection plane
• The number of views needed should be sufficient to represent
the object completely and conveniently, but it should be kept to
be minimum
• For most purpose three views are usually sufficient
• Engineering drawings usually utilize orthogonal views rather
than pictorial views
• Orthographic help to record the shapes of object completely
and conveniently
•
Axonometric projection
• It is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a
pictorial drawing of an object, where the lines of sight are
perpendicular to the plane of projection, and the object is
rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple
side
• They are used extensively in artistic drawing
• A three dimensional view ( shows length , width and height
of the object simultaneously )
• Provides only a general impression of the shape of the
object by allowing the observer to see three of its sides as
well as its three overall dimension
Two standards are currently used for axonometric projection
• Diametric projection
• Isometric projection
Diametric projection
• In dimension projection, all dimensions along two axis
are drawn to TRUE SIZE
• The dimension along the third axis are HALVED
• This projection is preferred when one view of the object
is to be emphasize than other two views ( when that
one view more interest than other views)
Isometric projection
• In isometric projection , all dimensions along all the
three axis are drawn to TRUE AXIS
• Isometric projection is preferred when the three
views of the object are of equal importance for
accurate presentation of the object
 Naming of the views
• In orthographic projection, three views are
normally drawn
• The three chosen view may be any of the six
hypothetical faces of the object
 Standard orthographic projection
• Two standards are commonly in use in orthographic projection of
drawing
1. The first angle projection (European projection)
2. Third angle projection (American projection)
• It should be noted that corresponding views are identical in both
methods of projection except for their relative position on the drawing
paper

Engineering drawing , being one of the many forms of technical

communication, have to fulfill some accepted standards. The
current trend in most contrives is to adhere ( adopt) the ISO
standard
 Paper size and folding
• The ISO most recommended paper sizes for the technical are known a
A_FORMATS
• Other series like B series are lesser important
• In the A-Formats series , the largest size is the A0
• The size of an A1 paper is half the size of A0 while A2 is half the size of
A1
• For technical drawings A4 is considered to be the smallest paper size
• Smaller sized A format papers are very rarely used for technical
drawings
Folding
• Only format A4 is convenient for filling
• Other formats (larger in size) exceed the size the file and thus be
folded before filing
• Drawing which do not need fastening are fold in a logical way to give
a A4 size
• However , for those drawing that must be fastened, they must be
fold in a standardized way as follows
Scales
 Lines and lettering
Lines
• In engineering drawing , we make use of different
lines and line styles to convey the desired message.
• These lines differ in thickness and style
 Hidden lines
• It is standard practice to use dashes to represent any line of
an object that is hidden from view
• If an edge or surface is blocked from view by another
feature, it is drawn using a hidden line.
• Each end of hidden line should touch the object line
 Lettering
• Lettering used in engineering drawing is referred
to as a SINGLE STROKE , COMMERCIAL GOTHIC
• The main advantage of this fonts is that it is easy
to read
• This makes the information on engineering
drawing easy to understand
• The latters can be made either freehand or by
use of lettering device
• The recommended height of lettering is 3-mm
 Title block
• In every engineering drawing a Title block is included at the bottom right –
hand corner
• Title Blocks are locally standardized but should be designed in such a way that
it can be easily understood
The information needed in any standard title block is normally
1. Name of the firm/school/college
2. Name of the object
3. Number of drawings
4. Format of the paper used(paper size)
5. Scale used
6. Dimensioning unit
7. Symbol for method of projection used
8. Date when the drawing was finished
9. Name of the draftsman
10. Name of the person who checked the drawing
11. remarks
 Part list
• The part list is an essential component in any assembly
drawing
• It is usually drawn on top of the Title Bock
• The parts list usually have the same width as the Title Block
(180mm)
• The height depends on the number of items to be included
 Preparing engineering drawings
Usually engineering drawing are prepared in
three stages
• Sketches
• Hand Draft
• Detailed Drawing
Sketches
• Sketches is almost always the first step of the
preparation of engineering drawing
• The work piece carefully studied and all the
necessary dimensions are measured
• Sketches are never submitted any where
• The only purpose of preparing sketches is to
enable you to transfer useful information from
the spot to a convenient place where you can
actually prepare accepted EDs
Hand Draft
• Hand draft are actually proper ED drawn free hand
• The similarity between sketches and a hand draft is
that are both drawn free hand
• But unlike sketches, hand draft are drawn following
all the rules and guidelines governing EDs
• Hand draft are drawn roughly to scale and all the
necessary dimensions are included
• The hand draft is then given to draftsman who
copies the same into a proper ED
• In short , a hand draft saves you time and effort
you will otherwise need to prepare a proper ED
Detail (working) drawing
• Detail drawings ( also known as working drawings) are EDs
presenting single items (object/machine component/work
piece)
• They are meant to enable the person in a workshop to
produce (by machining/casting/forging) the desired shape
• Such details as dimensional tolerance , surface finish, special
treatments, material to be used for the component are
specified
• The number of views to be presented depends on the
complexity of the item
• The scale used for the detail drawing should allow a clear
understanding of the drawing
• Sometimes just a small portion of the drawing is enlarged to
show all the details
 Sectioning
• For complex components with a number of hidden details, external views may
not be enough to enable machining of such components
• In such cases, sectioning is recommended
• Sectioning is achieved by assuming an imaginary line / sectioning plane passing
through the detail of interest
• The position of the cutting plane is indicated by a thin, long chain, line with
thick extremities
• This chain line is labeled with capital letters with direction of viewing indicated
by arrows
• Sometimes , only a small portion of the component is sectioned to indicate the
feature of interest
• Parts behind the sectioning plane are not shown, except when clarity requires
this
• Hatch the solid part of the component that is cut through by the sectioning
plane
• Hatching lines are thin, parallel lines usually drawn at an angle of 45⁰ to the
outlines or the center lines of the object
• The spacing of these lines depends on the size
 Dimensioning
• To enable production of machine
parts/components , all the relevant dimensions
have to appear on the drawing
• The practice is that any dimension is shown only
once in that view in which it appear more explicitly
• To keep the drawing clean, it is advised to put all
the dimensions outside the drawing
• There are three types of dimensions
1. Functional Dimensions (FD)
2. None Functional Dimension (NFDs)
3. Auxiliary Dimension (Ads)
Functional Dimensions (FDs)
• These are dimensions, which directly dictate the
functioning of the component
• It is defined on the basis of the function of product
and the component and the method of locating it
in any assembly of which it may form part of
• Ex: the diameter of a shaft, the length of a bolt
Non Functional Dimension (NFDs)
• These are the dimension , which do not directly
affect the functioning of the component but have
to be specified to enable production of the
component
• Ex: the size of the bolt head
Auxiliary Dimensions (Ads)
• These are dimensions which should not
necessarily appear on the drawing but are
sometimes included to avoid calculations
• Ads are usually written in brackets
General hints on dimension
• In metric system , all linear dimension are
considered to be in millimeters
• Show full size dimension regardless of the scale
used in the drawing
• Dimension any feature only once
 Type of plant drawing
• The various plant drawing are
1. General arrangement drawings
2. Process flow scheme
3. Process & instrumentation diagrams
4. Isometric drawings
General Arrangement (GA) Drawings
• General arrangement drawings for piping system and
equipment's are developed by piping designers
• These drawings indicate the locations of main
equipment's in the plant
• The main piping items, valves , and fittings are also
indicated in the general arrangement or GA drawing
• Most often the piping is indicated using a top view of the
pipe rack is also presented in the GA drawings
• General arrangement drawings are also developed for
individual equipment's
• These drawings present the main dimensions of the
equipment using 2D views , top view, side view and
sometimes front view
Process Flow Diagram (PED)
• PED is drawing which essentially capture the
process flow for a processing plant
• Entire process of a plant can be described using a
few interconnected PFD
Process & instrumentation diagrams
• It is a drawing elaborating the details of piping and
instrumentation of a processing plant , developed
at the design stage
• P&ID is later used for assistance for construction of
the corresponding plant and for operating that
plant
• P&ID is normally developed from a Process Flow
Diagram (PFD) which capture the basic process flow
at the design stage of a plant
Isometric drawing
• An isometric drawing for a piping system is a detailed orthographic drawing
• The isometric drawing represents the details of the 3D structure of the pipe in the form of
2D diagram
• It is the general practice among engineering organizations to produce isometric drawings
of a piping system to represent all the details
• Development of computer aided design (CAD) tool allows the piping system to be modeled
in 3D and this 3D model can then be used by the piping designer to quickly produce
isometric drawings with minimum interference
Data carried on a typical isometric drawing
• Isometric drawing carry a graphical representation of the 3D piping system being
represented
• Straight length of all the run pipe runs on the drawing are reported as clearly as possible
• The line numbers for the lines pipe runs represented on the drawing is clearly indicated
• The operating and design process conditions for the pipe run may also be reported on the
isometric
• In addition all the fittings including , valves, flanges, elbows etc. are clearly represented
graphically
• A table gives the number and detailed description of the each type of fittings represented
on the drawing
• For complex isometric system individual pipe runs are represented on separated isometric
drawings
• Upon completion and approval of the piping
isometrics , they are used for fabrication and
then construction of the piping system
• Isometric drawings are easier to be used for
stress analysis of the piping , fabrication and
construction , compared to other orthographic
drawings, since they carry all the necessary
information for these task
Orthographic view
(double line presentation) Isometric view
Figure 1 shows a pipeline which runs through
three planes. The pipe line begins and ends
with a flange.
Routing starting point X
• pipe runs to the east
• pipe runs up
• pipe runs to the north
• pipe runs to the west
• pipe runs down
Figure 2 is almost identical to the drawing
above. A different perspective is shown, and
the pipe that comes from above is longer.
Because this pipe in isometric view, runs
behind the other pipe, this must be indicated
by a break in the line.
Routing starting point X
• pipe runs to the south
• pipe runs up
• pipe runs to the west
• pipe runs to the north
• pipe runs down
Figure 3 shows a pipe that runs through three
planes and in two planes it make a bow.
Routing starting point X
• pipe runs to the south
• pipe runs up
• pipe runs up and to the west
• pipe runs up
• pipe runs to the west
• pipe runs to the north-west
• pipe runs to the north
 Hatches on a Isometric Drawing
• Hatches on isometric drawings being applied,
to indicate that a pipe runs at a certain angle
and in which direction the pipe runs.