2.

COMPOUNDS,MIXTURES
& SEPARATIONS
COMPOUNDS
• Substances which contains ≥ 2 different kind of atoms that are
chemically bonded together.
• They cannot be easily separated into their elements.

• 3 types of compounds exist:

• Metal + Non-metal
• Metal +Radical
• Non-metal + Non-metal
 Metal+Non-metal compounds
• Name consists of 2 parts:- 1st part- from the metal
2nd part- from the non-metal with ‘ide’ at the end MgCl₂
e.g. Calcium + Oxygen Calcium oxide

• Chemical Formula: determined by the valencies of the elements.

Group I II Transition III IV V VI VII VIII
number elements (inert)

Valency 1 2 usually 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

****Electronic configurations**
• Chemical formula Calcium oxide: Ca: 2,8,8,2…. therefore belongs to group 2 and
has a valency of 2
Symbol Ca O O: 2,6… therefore belongs to group 6 and
has a valency of 2
valency 2 2
exchange valency and divide by smallest

Ratio of elements 1 1 CaO

Metal+Radical compounds
• A radical is a group of atoms which remain bonded together during a chemical reaction.
Table: List of radicals
Symbol Na NO₃⁻
Radical Formula Valency Radical Formula Valency Valency 1 1
Ammonium NH₄⁺ 1 Nitrate NO₃⁻ 1

Carbonate CO₃²⁻ 2 Nitrite NO₂⁻ 1 Ratio 1 1

Hydrogen- HCO₃⁻ 1 Sulphate SO₄²⁻ 2
carbonate
Hydroxide OH⁻ 1 Sulphite SO₃²⁻ 2

Name of the compound formed as follows:- 1st part- from the metal
2nd part from the radical
e.g. Sodium nitrate, sodium is the metal and nitrate is the radical
Chemical formula= NaNO₃
Non-metal+ Non-metal compounds
• Chemical name: prefix of the name tells us how many atoms are
combining example:
Prefix # • Carbon monoxide- carbon and 1 oxygen
represented • So chemical formula: CO
mon 1
di 2
tri 3
tetra 4
PRACTICE
• Name the compounds that will be formed by the following elements:
• A) iron and oxygen
• B)magnesium and sulphur
• C)chlorine and lead
• D)oxygen and zinc
• E) sodium and hydrogen
• F) potassium and iodine
PRACTICE
• Write the chemical formulae of the following compounds:
• A) calcium oxide = CaO
• B) calcium chloride= CaCl₂
• C)sodium carbonate = Na₂CO₃
• D)copper(II) oxide = CuO Cu₂O- copper(I)oxide
• E)iron(II) chloride= FeCl₂
• F)ammonium sulphate (NH₄)₂SO₄
• G) sulphur trioxide= SO₃
• H)silicon dioxide = SiO₂
• A mixture is consists of ≥ 2 substances combined together physically.
Each component retains its physical properties and does not undergo
any chemical reactions with any of the other substances in the
mixture.

• A pure substance is made up of one(1) type of material only. It has a

fixed melting and boiling point. Impurities lower the melting point
and raise the boiling point. A pure substance will leave one(1) spot on
a chromatogram.
Types of mixtures
• Homogenous- a mixture that is uniform throughout. There is no
discernible difference in colour or particle concentration e.g. milk,
alcohol and water, mayonnaise
• Heterogenous- a mixture that is not uniform throughout. Different
layers or types of particles are seen e.g. sand/water, oil/water,
sand/salt
 Types of mixtures:
Type of mixture: Solution Suspension Colloid *
Description Homogeneous mixture of 2 or Heterogeneous mixture which Heterogeneous mixture of
more substances. consists of a liquid with visible macromolecules or aggregates of
The solute(lower conc.) is solute (particles) floating in it. macromolecules held floating in
dissolved in the solvent(higher the substance.
conc.)
Particles are not visible
2 types of solutions:-
Aqueous- water is the solvent
Non-aqueous- another solvent is
used
Appearance Does not scatter light Appears cloudy or opaque. Scatters light

Clear, transparent Particles settle upon standing Particles do not settle upon
standing.

Particle size smallest largest intermediate

Separation technique Distillation, Evaporation filtration Permeable membrane

* Emulsion- special type of colloid mixture where one(1) liquid is finely dispersed in another liquid with the help
of a stabilizer e.g mayonnaise
SOLUBILITY
• Definition: the mass of a solute that dissolves in 100g of a solvent at a particular temperature to
form a standard solution

• Factors affect solubility:

-Structure of the solute& solvent. Ionic and polar covalent molecules dissolve in polar
solvents where as non-polar covalent molecules dissolve in non-polar solvents.

-Temperature(increase in temp. will increase solubility of a solid BUT will decrease the solubility of a gas in a solvent).

- External pressure. Increase in pressure, increases the solubility of a gas

Separation Type of mixture it is used Mechanism of separation
Technique to separate
Filtration Solid/liquid mixtures Step 1) the solid-liquid mixture is pored through a funnel lined with filter paper.
(suspension) Step 2) the filtrate (liquid) drips through to the conical flask
Step 3) the residue(solid) remains in the funnel.

Evaporation Solid/liquid solution( with Step 1) Heat is applied to the mixture.

solutes that don’t decompose Step 2) the solvent(liquid) boils off (evaporates).
with heat or contain water of Step 3) the solute(solid) is left behind in the dish.
crystallization).

Crystallization Solid/liquid solution with Step 1) the solvent(liquid) evaporates slowly at room temperature. A sheet of filter paper covers the
solutes that contain water of evaporating dish to prevent impurities from entering the crystals
crystallization. E.g CuSO₄ Step 2) crystals of solute containing water of crystallization form slowly at the bottom of the dish.

Separating funnel Liquid/Liquid (Immiscible Step 1) Pour the mixture of liquids into the separating funnel connected to retort stand.
liquids) with different densities (Liquid with higher density sinks to the base of the flask).
e.g oil and water Step 2) When the tap is opened, the liquid with the higher density will run out and is collected.

Paper Colloids e.g inks and other Dyes in a solvent are separated based on their solubility in the solvent and attraction to the filtration paper.
chromatography pigments The most soluble dye in the solvent and the dye that has the least affinity for the paper will move fastest. A
chromatogram is formed.
Simple distillation Solid/liquid mixtures with vastly 1) The round bottom flask containing the mixture is heated to a vigorous boil
differing B.P. e.g. CuSO4 2) The steam rises and enters the Liebig condenser which has cool water on the outer tube. The steam
condenses and is collected in the a beaker at the end of the condenser.
3) The copper sulphate which has a higher bp remains in the round bottom flask
Fractional Distillation Liquid/Liquid (miscible liquids) 1) The round bottom flask containing the mixture is heated to a vigorous boil
with similar B.P. e.g water and 2) The vapor with higher BP will enter the fractionating column first and condense then return to the flask.
ethanol 3) The vapour with the lower BP will enter the water-cooled condenser, the gas will condense then trickle
down into the beaker where the distillate is collected.
5) The other liquid component remains in the round bottom flask.
REVIEW
Classify the following mixtures as suspension, solution or colloid
a. sand and water
b. chalk and water
c. table salt and water
d. Starch and water
e. copper sulphate and ethanol