IT'S NICE TO MEET YOU

AGAIN!

 Last class we were tried to see the

overall concepts of applied fluid
mechanics.
 Now we will try to see chapter one in
detail (introduction to applied fluid
mechanics)
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED
FLUID MECHANICS
 GENERAL OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED
FLUID MECHANICS IN FOOD
LESSON 1. BACKGROUND
CHAPTER ONE

LESSON 2. BRIEF HISTORY OF

FLUID MECHANICS
SYSTEM

LESSON 3. KINDS OF FLUIDS

LESSON 4. SCOPE OF FLUID

MECHANICS
 LESSON 1. BACKGROUND
What is fluid mechanics?
Fluid mechanics is a branch of mechanics
which studies about all fluids under
static, kinematics and dynamic situations.

FLUID MECHANICS

STATIC KINEMATIC DYNAMIC

CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION
LESSON 1. BACKGROUND
solid mechanics vs. fluid mechanics
 LESSON 2. BRIEF HISTORY
OF FLUID MECHANICS
INVESTIGATOR INVESTIGATION

Archimedes (285 – 212B.C.) The laws of buoyancy and applied them to floating and
submerged objects
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) conservation of mass in one‐dimensional steady‐state flow

Edme Mariotte (1620 – 1684) Built the first wind tunnel and tested models in it

Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) The law of viscosity of linear fluids, now called Newtonian

Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783) Bernoulli equation

William Froude (1810 – 1879) William froured and his son developed laws of model testing

Lord Rayleigh (1842 –1919) Dimensional analysis

Osborne Reynolds (1842 – 1912) Importance of the dimensionless Reynolds number

Navier (1785 – 1836) and Stokes Navier‐Stokes equation

(1819 – 1903)
Ludwig Prandtl (1875 – 1953) Thin viscous layer (or boundary layer) near solid surfaces and
interfaces, patched onto a nearly inviscid outer layer.
 LESSON 3.KIDS OF FLUIDS
Incompressible, Not having viscosity, not having
IDEAL FLUIDS surface tension, imaginary fluids
KIDS OF FLUIDS
Example: there is no such fluid available in nature

Compressible, having viscosity, having

REAL FLUIDS surface tension, all fluids in practical world
Example: water, petroleum, kerosene

Shear stress is directly proportional to

shear strain, viscosity remain constant
NEWTONIAN Example: water, mineral oil, Alcohol

Shear stress is not proportional to shear

NON- strain, viscosity varies,
NEWTONIAN Example: corn flour, silt pithy, motor oil

Shear stress is more than yield value and

IDEAL shear stress is proportional to shear stress.
PLASTIC Example: toothpaste, petroleum, kerosene
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
KIDS OF FLUIDS
Non-Newtonian fluids
Newtonian fluids
Pure-viscose fluids Viscoelastic fluids
= Time independent Time dependent = +E

1. Bingham plastic 1. Thixotropic Where: E is

= = + f(t) modulus of
Example: Light oilsExample: toothpaste, jelly Example: crude oil elasticity
Kerosene 2. Pseudo plastic 2. Rheopectic Example:
= , n<1 = mayonnaise, butter,
Starch, paint, Example: gypsum Creams and paste
suspension
3. Dilatant
= , n>1
Example: starch in water,
wet beach sand
LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
 Each of these lines can be represented by the
equation: τ = B(du/dy)n + A
where: A, B and n are constants. For Newtonian fluids:
A = 0, B = µ and n = 1.
 Below are brief description of the physical properties
of the several categories:
 Newtonian fluids: applied shear stress linearly
proportional to shear strain (deformation) (B=µ,
n=1,A=0).τ = µ(du/dy), example: air, water and glycerin
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
 Pseudo-plastic: No minimum shear stress necessary
and the viscosity decreases with rate of shear, e.g.
colloidal substances like clay, milk and cement,
(µ≠0,n<1,A=0), τ = µ(du/dy)n
 Dilatants substances: Viscosity increases with rate
of shear e.g. quicksand suspension, starch.
(B ≠ 0, n>1,A=0),
τ = µ(du/dy)n
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
Thixotropic substances: Viscosity decreases with
length of time shear force is applied. example:
thixotropic jelly paints, tomato ketchup.
 Rheopectic substances: Viscosity increases with
length of time shear force is applied.
Example: gypsum, pastes, printer inks, cream, mucilage

Grouped under
time dependent
fluids
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
 Plastic: Shear stress must reach a certain minimum
before flow commences. (µ≠0, n<1), τ = τo+ µ(du/dy)

 Bingham plastic: As with the plastic above a minimum

shear stress must be achieved. An example is sewage
sludge, tooth paste (µ≠0, n=1), τ = τo+ µ(du/dy)

 Viscoelastic materials: Similar to Newtonian but if

there is a sudden large change in shear they behave
like plastic.
 LESSON 3. KIDS OF FLUIDS
CON’T
 There is also one more - which is not real, it does not
exist - known as the ideal fluid.
 This is a fluid which is assumed to have no viscosity.
This is a useful concept when theoretical solutions
are being considered - it does help to achieve some
practically useful solutions.
 LESSON 4. SCOPE OF FLUID
MECHANICS
 It covers a vast group of phenomena that occur in
nature, in biology (water movement), and in numerous
engineered (irrigation), invented, or manufactured
situations. There are few aspects of our lives that do
not involve fluids, either directly or indirectly.
 LESSON 4. SCOPE OF FLUID
MECHANICS
 In a food system it covers about properties of
fluids, quantifying the fluid properties,
 Analysis of fluid behavior at rest and motion
(pressure analysis, conservation of mass,
conservation of energy, measuring fluid properties
(pressure, viscosity, density, mass, specific weight,
volume) and behavior of real fluids. What is the
difference b/n ideal and real?
 SUMMARY

What is fluid mechanics?

What is the difference b/n ideal and real

fluids?

Discus the scientific distinction between

a solid and a liquid?
 SUMMARY
1. A substance considered to be a fluid when
it__
A. Expands until it fills a container
B. Is practically incompressible
C. Cannot be subjected to any shear force
D. Cannot remain at rest under the action of
shear force
 SUMMARY
Write the name of fluid instead of letter which
indicated on the graphs?
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENSION!

 Next class we will try to see the

properties of fluids.