‫ِبسِم ِهللا الَّر حمِن الَّر ِحیم‬

‫‪1‬‬
 Presentation about
Quality Control procedure for dam projects of

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (NDC)

HELMAND CONSTRUCTION DIRECTORATE

May-17-2021

Prepared by:
Mirwais “Amarkhail”
QA/QC Specialist
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Quality Control vs Quality Assurance
Definition:
Quality Control (QC) is a process through which a
business seeks to ensure that product quality is
maintained or improved.

Quality Assurance can be defined as "part of quality

management focused on providing confidence that
quality requirements will be fulfilled.

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• Quality Control Consideration:
Reviewing of Drawing, TS and BoQ.
Definable Feature of Work (DFOW).
Reviewing of QC plan with compliance of the project
site.
Laboratory factsheet Submission.
Material Sampling.
Material Testing.
Result Sharing.
 Closely follow up in the site.

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• Quality Control Checklists.

Site testing procedures for compaction.

Concrete sample and testing procedures.

Concrete keeping and curing system.

Concrete sample crushing (Compressive strength tests).

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• Reviewing of Drawing, TS and BoQ.

QC team is responsible to review all the

contract materials before commencement of
every activity in the projects site.

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•

List Preparation for Definable future of work (DFOW).

The QC Engineer should list all those activities which are needed for
testing and sampling.

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Reviewing of QC plan:

The QC Engineer is responsible for reviewing their own project’s

QC plans with compliance of project contract materials.

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 1. Preparation of Laboratory Factsheet
and Submission.

The QC Specialist should collect the required data

and information about the laboratories.

Complete packages of laboratories including

(Technical data sheet, list of tools and equipment,
and list of experts along with CVs of key staff).

The packages should share with official letter for

client’s review and final approval.
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Laboratory Registration.
1- Laboratory should be registered with
ABA (Afghan Builders Association)
2- Calibration Certificates should be
available for all tools and equipment.

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• Material sampling:
1-Submittal preparation.
Product certification, Data sheet, and Catalogs.
2-Coordanition with Client's Rep for sampling.
3-Barow area selection.
4-Sample picking.
5- Submittal sharing.
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• Sample Delivery.
Sample Testing.
Re-sampling (if required) in case of
exceeding the Quantity or changing
the Barrow areas.

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• Material testing:

Relevant TS should be shared and reviewed by

Lab and QC managers.
List of sample shall be prepared.
Client’s representative should be informed at
least 24 hours in advance.
Proper photograph should be made from
every stage of testing.
Submittal should be on hand during material
testing and singed.
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• Result sharing:

1- Result should be stamped and signed by

bilateral parties (NDC & NWARA)
2- Results should be shared through official
letter with (NWARA).
3- The soft and hard copies of original one
should be properly kept (Filing System).

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• Follow up in the site as per approved
result.

1- in case of changing the Barrow, re-sampling

is required.
2-Preparation of at least 15 days look ahead
plan for testing of constructive materials.

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• Site Testing Procedure.

1- Material should be as per approved barrow and

test result.
2- The approved Laboratory should be evaluated at
site as well both (Qualitatively and Quantitively).
3- Proper filing system should be exist in the project
site.
4- Test results should be shared at least at the end of
every month.
4- Proper photograph should be made for every stage.
.

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• Quality Control Checklists.

There are eighteen types of checklist

for projects Quality Control, which
some of them we will discuss at the
end.

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Site testing procedures for compaction.
Concrete sample and testing procedures.

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• Preparation of plans and
Methodology.

Like, hot and cold weather plans.

Mobilization Plan, Crush and
concrete production plans.

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• LABORATORY CERTIFICATION
Laboratory must be certified for use by the ABA
Certification involves ensuring:
Laboratory team at site should be evaluated and
containing of the following skills
Knowledge of codes and testing

Equipment's calibration certificates.

Proper testing (filing system) procedures.
Submission of test reports to main office with
stamped and singed.
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REFERENCED TEST PROCEDURE.

Both QC and Laboratory team should have knowledge

of relevant codes.

 NWARA TS

 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

 ACI (American Construction Institute)

Others
British Codes, IBC Codes.

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NECESSARY LABORATORY POLICY

• All standards must be available in lab

• Availability of Calibrations certificates.
• Availability of all required tools and
equipment for material testing.

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• PRECISION OF SCALES

• Precision
• (grams) Example
• 5 Sand Cone
• 1 ` Modified Proctor
• 0.5 Coarse Aggregate (Sieve & SG)
• 0.1 Fine Aggregate(Sieve & SG)
• 0.01 Soil (Sieve & Atterberg Limits)

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• SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Unified Soil Classification System
The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification
system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and
grain size of a soil.
AASHTO Soil Classification System:
The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed by the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
and it is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-
aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes

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UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

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 • AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION
AASHTO Soil Classification System (from AASHTO M 145 or ASTM D3282)
General Silt-Clay Materials (>35% passing the 0.075 mm
Granular Materials (35% or less passing the 0.075 mm sieve)
Classification sieve)

Group A-1 A-2 A-7

A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6
Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7 A-7-5 A-7-6

Sieve Analysis, %
passing

2.00 mm (No. 10) 50 max … … … … … … … … … …

0.425 (No. 40) 30 max 50 max 51 min … … … … … … … …

0.075 (No. 200) 15 max 25 max 10 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 36 min 36 min 36 min 36 min

Characteristics of
fraction passing
0.425 mm (No. 40)
Liquid Limit … … 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 6 max N.P. 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min1
Usual types of
significant stone fragments,
fine sand silty or clayey gravel and sand silty soils clayey soils
constituent gravel and sand
materials
General rating as
excellent to good fair to poor
a subgrade
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• AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION

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• REQUIRED TESTS FOR BACKFILL/EMBANKMENT
WORKS

1. Gradation Test (Sieve Analysis)

2. Proctor Test
3. Atterberg Limit (Shrinkage limit, Plastic limit & Liquid Limit)
Tests
4. CBR Test (California Bearing Ratio)
5. Compaction Test (FDT)

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Quality test for Aggregates/sand:

Gradation test
Unit weight test
Water Absorption Test
Loss Angeles Abrasion Test
6.1 Soundness
6.2 Sand Equivalent
6.3 Fine Aggregate Angularity
6.4 Flat and Elongated
Clay lump test. 29
• GRADATION TEST
1. Sieve Analysis (Gradation) Test of course/fine aggregates, the particle size
distribution of samples of aggregates and fillers are determined by sieving.

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• PROCTOR TEST:
2. Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the
optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and
achieve its maximum dry density. The term Proctor is in honor of R.R Proctor, who in
1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on
the amount of water the soil contains during soil compaction, his original test is most
commonly referred to as the standard Proctor compaction test; later on, his test was
updated to create the modified Proctor compaction test.

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• ATTERBERG LIMIT TESTS
3. Atterberg limits test are a basic measure of the nature of a
fine-grained soil. Depending on the water content of the soil, it
may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In
each state the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and
thus so are its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary
between each state can be defined based on a change in the
soil's behavior. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish
between silt and clay, and it can distinguish between different
types of silts and clays. These limits were created by
Albert Atterberg a Swedish chemist.

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•

ATTERBERG LIMITS TESTS

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• SHRINKAGE LIMIT
a. Shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not result in
any more volume reduction, The test to determine the shrinkage limit is ASTM International
D4943, the shrinkage limit is much less commonly used than the liquid and plastic limits.

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• LIQUID LIMIT TEST
b. Liquid limit (LL) is the water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid behavior. The
original liquid limit test of Atterberg's involved mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain
bowl of 10-12cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was
then struck many times against the palm of one hand.

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• PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
c. Plastic limit is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat,
non-porous surface. The procedure is defined in ASTM Standard D 4318.
If the soil is plastic, as the moisture content falls due to evaporation, the thread will
begin to break apart at larger diameters. The plastic limit is defined as the moisture
content where the thread breaks apart at a diameter of 3 mm (about 1/8").
A soil is considered non-plastic if a thread cannot be rolled out down to 3mm at any
moisture.

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• PLACITIY INDEX:
Plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is
the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic
properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic
limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend
to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or
clay.
PI and their meanings
0 – Non plastic
(1-5)- Slightly Plastic
(5-10) - Low Plasticity
(10-20)- Medium Plasticity
(20-40)- High Plasticity
>40 Very high Plasticity

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• FIELD DENSITY TEST
4. FDT (Compaction Test) is one of the basic construction procedures
involved in building subgrades and bases for roads and airport pavements,
embankments, earth fill dams, and similar structures, compaction is the
process of increasing the amounts of solids per unit volume of soil by
mechanical means,
this increase in density
has an important effect
in improving such soil
properties as strength,
permeability, and
compressibility, in the
field, compaction is
accomplished by rolling.

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• WATER ABSORPTION TEST
5. WATER ABSORPTION

This test helps to determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates and it shows
that the aggregate is within the range or out of.

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• LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
6. The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test is a common test method used to indicate
aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics., aggregate abrasion characteristics are
important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation
and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA.

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• CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
7. California bearing ratio (CBR) is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical
strength of road work such as sub grade, sub base and base courses. It was developed
by the California Department of Transportation before World War II.

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• MOST COMMON TESTS FOR CONCRETE

1. Slump Test.
2. Air Content Test.
3. Compressive Strength Test.
4. Temperature Test.

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• SLUMP TEST:
1. The slump test is one of the several method for determining the workability of fresh
concrete

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• AIR CONTENT TEST:
2. This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete,
The test determines the air content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may
exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is applicable to concrete
made with relatively dense aggregate particles and requires determination of the
aggregate correction factor.

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• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
3. The compressive strength of hardened concrete is determined from compression tests
on standard cylindrical specimens. As you know, compressive strength tests are used
during concrete mix design and casting any concrete job to evaluate the performance of
the materials and to establish mixture proportions that will give the required strength.

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• CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

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• CEMENT:
What is Cement?
Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance, It is made from a mixture of elements
that are found in natural materials such as limestone, clay, sand and/or shale, when
cement is mixed with water, it can bind sand and gravel into a hard, solid mass called
concrete. Cement is usually gray, white cement can also be found but it is usually more
expensive than gray cement. Cement should be stored in a dry area, If it gets wet or
damp the powder will turn into a hard lump.

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• FIELD TEST OF CEMENT
The field test of cement are as below :

1.Insert the hand in cement bag, one should feel cool.

2.Rub the cement between fingers, one should feel silky
3.Through handful of cement in a bucket of water it should float before it sinks.

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• CURING OF CONCRETEIN
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete, because proper curing greatly
increases concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardens as a result of hydration: the
chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if water is
available and if the concrete's temperature stays within a suitable range. During the
curing period-from five to seven days after placement for conventional concrete-the
concrete surface needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process, new concrete
can be wet with soaking hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated
with commercially available curing compounds, which seal in moisture.

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FIELD TEST OF STEEL RENFORCEMENT BARS
1-Clean

2- Proper strength

3- Straight

4- No weld marks

5- Well formed

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• LABORATORY TEST OF STEEL RENFORCEMENT
BARS

Specification ASTM A 6151 A 370

Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 75
1- Tensile Strength 70,000 Psi (500Mpa) 90,000Psi (620Mpa) 100,000Psi (690Mpa)

2- Yield Strength 40,000Psi (300Mpa) 60,000Psi (420Mpa) 75,000Psi (520Mpa)

3- Elongation 10mm = 11%, 10 to 19 mm = 9%, 19 to 25 = 7%

more then 10 mm = 12% 22 - 25mm=8%, more than 25mm = 6%
more than 25 = 7%

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• BITUMEN TESTS
1. Penetration Test
2. Softening Point Test
3. Ductility Test
1. Penetration Test:
This test determine the consistency of bituminous material and to assess the suitability
of bitumen for use under different climatic conditions and various types of construction.

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SOFTENING POINT TEST
2. Softening point of bitumen:
The softening point is to determining degree of softness point of bitumen.

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• DUCTILITY TEST

3. Ductility Test:
Ductility involves determining the extent by which a material can withstand plastic
deformation without rupture.

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• CORE CUTTING TEST
The purpose of this test is to ensure that the proper amount of field compaction and
thickness are achieved.
Core cutting for Concrete ( while failing of cylinder and hammer tests)
Core cutting for Asphalt ( for determination of tackiness)

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‫? ‪QUESTIONS‬‬

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