Database System Concepts

Lecture -02

by
Muhammad Haleem
Overview
• Data

• Information

• Real World Data

• Meta Data

• Existence Data

• Database vs Database Management System

• The Range of Database Applications

• Drawbacks of Traditional File Processing Systems

3
Data
• The term data referred to facts about objects and events that
could be recorded and stored on computer media
• For example
• In a salesperson’s database the data will be facts such as:
• Customer name, address and contact number.
• This type of data is called structured data.
• The salesperson database might include some more:
• For example Product Picture, image of the customer, sound
recording or video clip of the product. This type of data is called
as unstructured data or as multimedia data.
Data

• Structured data?

• Unstructured data or as multimedia

data?
Information

• For Example.
• Consider the following facts:

Ahmad Ali 12589

Shafiq Khan 36985
Saleem Khan 41563
Ashraf 74125
Rashid 45689
Khalid 78541

• These facts satisfy our definition of Data, but data are useless
in its present form.
Information(cont..)
• By adding few additional data items and providing some
structure, we recognize a class BS 3rd semester for a particular
course. Now this is some useful information to some users like
course instructor or Examination Department.
Class BS 5th Semester
Semester: Fall 2010 Section: B
Name Id Major GPA
Ahmad Ali 12589 MGT 2.9
Shafiq Khan 36985 MKT 3.4
Saleem Khan 41563 PRM 3.7
Ashraf 74125 MGT 2.8
Rashid 45689 IS 2.9
Khalid 78541 ACCT 3.3
Information(cont..)
• Another way to convert the data into information is to summarize
it or otherwise process and present it for human interpretation
(to understand it easily).
GPA
4

3.5

2.5

2 GPA

1.5

0.5

0
MGT
MKT
PRM
MGT
IS
ACCT
Data VS Information

DATA INFORMATION
Always in Raw form Always in Arranged Form
Can’t used directly for decision Can be used for decision making directly
making
No Information system in data Information system i.e Computer system
collection and arrangement is involved in this process

Input to Computer System Output of Computer System

Levels of Data

• Real World Data

• Meta Data
• Existence Data
Real World Data

• The real world level of data means that level of data at which
entities or objects exist in reality
• It means that any object existing in reality have a name and
other well known attributes through which we can understand
that specific object or entity.
For Example
• Student
• Teacher
• Doctor
Metadata

• Data that describes the properties of data.

• Some of the properties of the data are data names, definitions,
length or size, and domain values.
• Also known as data about data.
Data Items Values
Name Type Length Min Max Source
Course Alphanumeric 30 Academic Unit
Section Integer 1 1 9 Academic Unit
Semester Alphanumeric 10 Exam Unit
Name Alphanumeric 30 Student
Id Integer 9 Student
Major Alphanumeric 4 Student
GPA Decimal 3 0.0 4.0 Academic Unit
Levels of Data
 Difference between Database and Database
Management System
• The database is the collection of data about anything, could be
anything.
• Like cricket teams, students, busses, movies, personalities,
buildings, furniture, lab equipment, hotels, countries, and
many more anything about which you want to store data.

• What is Data???
Database Management System?

• A database Management system is basically a

computerized record-keeping system; i.e.,it is a
computerized system whose overall purpose is
to store information and to allow users to
retrieve and update that information on
demand.
The Range of Database Applications

• Although there is some overlap, we divide database applications

into five categories:
• Personal databases
• Workgroup databases,
• Departmental/Divisional databases,
• Enterprise databases
• Web-enabled databases.
 Traditional File Processing Systems

• Traditional file processing system or simple file processing

system means the first computer-based approach of handling
the commercial or business data.
• That is why it is also called a replacement of the manual file
system.
• Before the use of computers, the data in the offices or business
was maintained in the files.
• Obviously, it was laborious, time consuming, inefficient,
especially in case of large organizations
Drawbacks of Traditional File Processing Systems

• Traditional File Processing Systems temporarily solved the

problem of Manual work but soon it was realized that
Traditional File Processing System has lot of drawbacks
• A major drawback in the traditional file system environment is
the non-sharing of data.
• It means if different systems of an organization are using some
common data rather than storing it once for further reuse. In
traditional system each sections stores data in separate files.
• This creates the problem of redundancy or wastage of storage.
Inconsistency

• One other important problem is inconsistency of data.

• The change in the record in one system is not reflected in the

same record stored in other system.

• So different systems in organization; store different facts about

same thing. This is inconsistency as is shown in figure below
Inconsistency(cont…)
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

Data Sharing
Controlled Redundancy
Data Independence
Better Data Integrity
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)
• Data Sharing
• The figure shows different subsystem or applications in an educational
institution, like library system, examination system, and registration
system.
• These are separate, different application programs for every application
or subsystem.
• However, the data for all applications is stored at the same place in the
database and all application programs, relevant data and users are
being managed by the DBMS.
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)
• For example
• Data like registration number, name, address, father name that is
common among different applications is being stored repeatedly in the
file processing system environment
• where as it is being stored just once in database system environment
and is being shared by all applications.
 Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

b) Data Independence
• Data and programs are independent of each other, so change in one has no or minimum effect
on other.
• Data and its structure are stored in the database where as application programs manipulating
this data are stored separately, the change in one does not unnecessarily affect other
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

c) Controlled redundancy
• It means that we do not need to duplicate data unnecessarily; we do
duplicate data in the databases, however, this duplication is
controlled and for relating the tables.
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

d) Better Data Integrity

• It is very important feature and it means the validity points
of the data being stored in the database.

• Integrity (accuracy and true reference) of data is very

important, since all the processing and the information
produced in return are based on the data.

• Now if the data entered is not valid, how can we be sure

that the processing in the database is correct and the results
or the information produced is valid?
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

e) Data Consistency
• Data consistency means that the changes made to different set
of data should be controlled and managed in such a way that
all the set have same value for any specific data item.
• In database approach it is controlled because data is shared
and consistency is controlled and maintained
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

f) Better Data Security

• All application programs access data through DBMS, So
DBMS can very efficiently check that which user is
performing what sort of action and accessing which part of
data.

• So a DBMS most effectively control and maintain security of

Data stored in a database.
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)
i) Better Concurrency Control
• Concurrency means the access of database form number of
points simultaneously.
• Concurrency control means to access the database in such a
way that all the data accesses are completed correctly.
• One example of controlled concurrency is the use of ATM
Machine for withdrawal of money (cash).
• All ATM machines of a bank are connected to a central
database system worldwide, so that a multiple user can
access the accounts from different locations and can get cash
from any ATM terminal.
Advantages of Database Approach(cont…)

i) Better Concurrency Control

• As there may be thousands of ATM terminal across the
region for a specific bank so as a result thousands of user
process and access the bank’s database.

• All these processes are managed concurrently using the

database systems and is done in such an efficient manner
that no two user face any problem in the processing of their
requests.
Thank You