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Lect7 Physical1

The document discusses several topics related to networking including: 1) The application layer sees the network as an abstracted transport layer providing communication between endpoints. Example applications include email, web, and DNS. 2) The physical layer deals with transmitting bits correctly using connectors, signal encoding, and transmission components like transmitters and receivers. 3) Transmission media have parameters like capacity and distance. Fiber optic cables can transmit data over long distances at high speeds.

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edgowhar
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32 views

Lect7 Physical1

The document discusses several topics related to networking including: 1) The application layer sees the network as an abstracted transport layer providing communication between endpoints. Example applications include email, web, and DNS. 2) The physical layer deals with transmitting bits correctly using connectors, signal encoding, and transmission components like transmitters and receivers. 3) Transmission media have parameters like capacity and distance. Fiber optic cables can transmit data over long distances at high speeds.

Uploaded by

edgowhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Review: The application layer.

– Network Applications see the network as the


abstract provided by the transport layer:
• Logical full mesh among network end-points
• Reliable and unreliable communication among end-
points
– Application layer protocol issues closely related
to the particular application.
– Some example applications and their protocols
• Email system: SMTP, POP3
• Web: HTTP
• DNS:
• The physical layer.
– Physical layer issues: how to transfer bits correctly.
• How to physically connect computers (what kind of
connectors should we use?)
• How to represent 0’s and 1’s? Timing?
– Components:
• transmitter
• transmission medium
• receiver

• Example: Telephone network.


– transmitter: converts sound waves into vibrating currents
==> electromagnetic waves down to the wire.
– receiver: convert vibrating currents to voice.
– Telephone network: analog transmission of analog signal
• Transmission medium
• Important parameters for the transmission medium
are the capacity and the distance.
• Capacity depends on distance.

Capacity Distance
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
unshield twisted pair 4000Hz < 10 km
(10Mbps) (20m??)
coaxial cable
baseband(50-ohm ThinNet) 10-100Mbps 200m (10Base2)
broadband (75-ohm ThickNet) 10-100Mbps 500m
optical fiber
multi-mode 100 Mbps 30km
single-mode 10Gbps 30km
• Bandwidth and Capacity
– Bandwidth: width of the frequency range of
signal or transmission (Hz) e.g. human voice:
100 ~ 3300 Hz, bandwidth 3200, twisted pair:
4kHz.
– Capacity: rate in bits per second
• Baud rate = how many symbols per second
• Bit rate = number of bits / symbol * Baud rate
• How to determine the number of bits per symbol?
– Number of bits/symbol = log_2(number of symbols)
• E.g: eight voltage outputs, how many bits per
symbol?
• Bandwidth and Capacity
– Nyquist's theorem: maximum baud rate for
noiseless channel.
max baud rate = 2 * Bandwidth
– Implication:
(1) max bit rate = 2 * Bandwidth * # of bits /symbol
(2) also applies to the noisy channels.

– Example: A 10kHz bandwidth channel is used


to send binary signals, what is the maximum bit
rate?
– Shannon's theorem: maximum bit rate for noisy
channel.
C = Bandwidth * log_2 (1 + S/N)
(S: strength of signal, N: strength of noise)

S/N is given in the units of decibel(dB), 10log_10(S/N)


signal_to_noise ratio = 20 dB, S/N = ?
– The typical local loop telephone line: S/N=1000,
Bandwidth = 4000 Hz, C = ?

– Based on Nyquist and Shannon theorems, what is the


key for the transmission media to achieve high data
rate?
The electromagnetic spectrum:

10^4 10^5 10^6 10^7 10^8 10^9 10^10 10^11 10^12 10^13 10^14 10^15
F(Hz)
Twisted pair satellite
Fiber
optics
coax

AM FM

TV

Conclusion?
• Analog vs. Digital
– analog: continuous, digital: discrete
– different contexts:
Analog Digital
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data: something that has a meaning voice text
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Signal: encoded data continuously sequence
varying of pulses
electromagnetic (1's, 0's)
wave
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transmission: how data transmitted propagate propagate
wave’s pulses
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computer networks: transmit digital data
Telephone networks: transmit voice
• Data Encoding: map data into signals
– Digital data to digital signal
– NRZ: high 1, low 0
– Manchester: 1: low-high transition, 0: high-low transition

– Digital data to analog signals (example modem)


• Square wave (digital signal) suffers from strong
attenuation and delay distortion.
• modulation: -- make analog signals.
– Amplitude modulation: use two different voltage levels to
represent 0 and 1.
– Frequency modulation: use two different tones to
represent 0 and 1.
– Phase modulation: carrier wave is shifted at different
intervals to represent 0 and 1.
• high speed modem:
– Bandwidth in the local loop: 3000HZ,
– maximum baud rate ???,
– how to achieve higher speed (56Kbps modem)?
» many bits per baud,
» a combination of modulation techniques.
» more amplitude levels and more phase intervals --
QAM (quadrature Amplitue Modulation)

» Using 2400 baud rate, how many symbols are needed


to achieve 56kbps?
– Analog data to digital signals (example digital
voice)
• 300 - 3400 HZ human voice
• PCM: 3000 HZ with protection: 4000 HZ Samples:
Nyquist Theorem: 8000 samples per second
• Digitization: 8 or 7 bits per sample (logarithmically
spaced) 64 kbps or 56 kbps
• methods to reduce the number of bits per sample
– differential pulse code
– delta modulation
– predictive encoding

– Analog data to analog signals


• radio, TV, telephone
• Simplex and duplex communication
• simplex communication: data travel in one direction
• half-duplex communication: data travel in either
direction, but not simultaneously
• full-duplex communication: data travel in both
direction simultaneously.
• Multiplexing
– combines slow channels into faster channels.
• two schemes:
– Time Division Multiplexing: time domain is divided into
slots, put channels in different time domain.
– Frequency division Multiplexing: frequency spectrum is
divided into logical channels.
– Code division multiplexing.
• In the telephone system:
– basic voice channel: 64kbps
– T1 line: 24 basic channels + 1 bits per 24*8 bits
» 193 bits per 125 us 193*8000 = 1.544Mbps
– T2 line: 4 T1 line (96 basic channels) + extra bits for
framing 6.176 Mbps, actually 6.312Mbps
– T3 line: 7 T2 line (7*96 basic channels) + extra bits for
framing 44.184Mbps, actually 44.736Mbps
– T4 line 6 T3 line .......
– OC-1: 51.84Mbps
– OC-3: 3 OC-1 155.52
– OC-9 .....

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