CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design Data Collection
participants Data Analysis
Environment Ethical consideration
Instruments
 method
It provides a step-by-step description of how the
researchers will conduct the empirical research
to make it transparent and replicable. It also
provides enough relevant information so that
readers and other scholars can understand the
research process, compare the findings to similar
studies, and replicate the research if necessary.
 Writing the method
1: Contextualizing Study Method

2: Describing the Method

3: Analyzing Data
 Method
Contextualizing the Study Method

The researchers provide background information

about the study. This includes: the choice of
methodology in relation to previous studies; name of
methodological design; and description of the
physical environment, the participants, and the
sampling procedure of the study.
 Method
Contextualizing the Study Method

Research design. It describes the specific research

approach you will use in the study. The research
design is dependent on the purpose of the study and
the set of specific questions you have formulated. This
can be ethnographic, case study, narrative,
phenomological, etc.
 Qualitative Research designs
1. Ethnographic Research
It aims to get a holistic picture of a specific group, society,
institution or any situation. It studies the culture of one group by
determining the daily experiences of the people involved
through in-depth interviews and continuous participant
observation.
Example of topics for ethnographic research:
 Voting behavior of people in Barangay Calindagan
 Science-related practices of Manobo tribe in Mindanao
 Waste management of Silliman University
 Qualitative Research designs
2. Historical Research
A systematic collection and evaluation of data to
describe, explain, and understand events that occurred in the
past (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2010). It is conducted to become
aware of what happened in the past in order to come up with
the best decision in the present. is also performed to test
relationships, trends, and patterns (e.g. What has been the role
of the government in promoting quality education)
Example of topics for historical research:
 Highlights of the Previous Curriculum: A Guide in
Revising the Present Curriculum
 Qualitative Research designs
3. Case Study
It is a documented study on a particular person, group,
institution, or event. It also analyzes constructs or themes.

Example of topics for case study:

 Teenage pregnancy in Barangay Lo-oc
 Credibility of a brand
 Qualitative Research designs
4. Phenomenology
It explores the world of the participants by gaining
thoughts, insights, and perceptions to particular phenomenon.
The researcher tries to investigate an individual’s thoughts and
perceptions and find the common ground to every experience.
Example of ideas for phenomenology:
 The experiences of athletes who participated in
national and international events
 Teachers who are teaching in remote areas
 Method
Contextualizing the Study Method

Participants. It describes the respondents of the

study. The description may include the demographic
profile of the respondents such as age, educational
background, occupation, and other information that
may be relevant in understanding the respondents.
 Method
Contextualizing the Study Method

Sampling Procedure. It describes how the

researchers determine the number of participants in
the study. Since it is not advisable to study the entire
population, it is important to have a sample or the
representative of the population. One of the
procedures commonly used in any qualitative
research is purposive sampling.
 Types of purposive sampling
(Criswell, 2005)
1. Typical – the typical representative of that being studied such
as a class of grade 9 students.
2. Critical – considered to be exceptional or unusual such as a
group of high achievers despite physical disabilities.
3. Homogenous – if all the members of the sample have a common
characteristic or trait such as a group of singers.
4. Theoretical – considered in helping the researcher to
understand a new concept or theory such as choosing a group
of student leaders in assessing student leadership
5. Opportunistic – chosen during the study to take advantage of
new conditions or circumstances that have arisen
 Types of purposive sampling
(Criswell, 2005)
6. Extreme Case – if all the members of the group do not fit with the
general pattern or display extreme characteristics such as group of high
school students who achieve high grades despite poor social
environment.
7. Confirming – obtained to validate initial findings such as a follow-up
interview of a group of teachers to verify the frequent absenteeism of
students.
8. Maximal Variation – selected to represent a wide perspective or
characteristics such as a group of players who possess a wide variety of
behavior on the new policy of sports competition.
9. Snowball – selected as the need arises during the conduct of the
research such as a group of school heads is needed because they were
 Method
Contextualizing the Study Method

Environment. It describes the setting or location

of your study. The specific description of the setting is
very important in a qualitative research since the
setting or context may have an effect or impact on the
behavior of the respondents
 Method
Describing the Study

The researchers describe in detail what will be

done and how the study will be conducted. This
includes: characteristics of the data to be gathered;
explanation of the data collection procedure; and
description of tools and instruments.
 Method
Describing the Study

Data collection procedure. It describes the

specific steps the researchers will undergo in order to
collect the data for the study.
Data Collection Techniques
Observation is done by drawing insights from the
actions and behaviors of the target participants or
respondents.
1. Participant Observation. An intense interaction between the
researcher and the subjects (overt vs covert)
2. Nonparticipant Observation. No involvement in the
activities of the group being observed.
3. Naturalistic Observation. Performance in the natural setting.
4. Simulations. Recreation of a situation, environment, or
system.
Data Collection Techniques
Interview is done to validate the information you have
recorded in your observation.
1. Structured. A specific set of questions is read to the participants,
following an order or sequence.
2. Semi-structured. An outline of topics and open-ended questions
are prepared and the participant determines the direction of the
interview.
3. Informal. A casual conversation without specific sequence of
questions or form of questioning.
4. Retrospective. The participant’s effort to recall and reconstruct a
past memory.
Data Collection Techniques
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is done by a skilled
facilitator to generate different ideas and opinions on
certain issues from a small group of six to ten
participants. The participants of the focus group
should at least share a common feature.
 Method
Describing the Study

Instruments. It outlines the tools that the

researchers will use in the study, such as survey form,
interview questionnaire, observation guide, field
jottings, field diary, field log, focus group discussion
outline, and others.
 Method
Analyzing Data

The researchers explicitly show data analysis

steps to persuade the readers that the results can be
trusted. This includes the treatment of data to be
gathered, and the description and procedure of data
analysis.
 Method
Analyzing Data

Data analysis. It describes how the researchers

will analyze the data to be gathered. The structure of
this section follows the sequence or order of the
research questions.
 Data analysis techniques
1. Patterns – looking for patterns, themes, and constructs by
comparing and contrasting data collected and dividing them
into themes.
2. Key Events – soliciting description and experiences from a
group that has encountered the same event or phenomena.
3. Visual Representation– utilizing data collected to present a
particular system, interaction, or relationship through maps,
graphic organizers, matrices, and flowchart.
4. Statistics – summarizing the frequency and percentage to
present the profile of the responses made from the interview or
observation.
 Data analysis procedure
1. Content analysis – categorizing verbal or behavioral data to classify,
summarize and tabulate the data.
2. Narrative analysis – reformulation of stories presented by respondents
taking into account context of each case and different experiences of each
respondent.
3. Discourse analysis – method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and
all types of written text
4. Framework analysis – a more advanced method that consists of several
stages such as familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding,
charting, mapping and interpretation.
5. Grounded theory – starts with an analysis of a single case to formulate a
theory. Then, additional cases are examined to see if they contribute to
the theory.
 Data analysis procedure
Triangulation of data establishes the validity of the
data by using more than one method to collect data on the same
topic.

Document analysis observation

interview