Presentation

Himanshi Swami
 Overview

Topic:  Introduction to R
Types of  Types of Operators in R
Operators in  Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
R  Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Miscellaneous Operators

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 Introduction to R

The R programming language is an open source

scripting language for predictive analytics and data
visualization. The R programming language
includes functions that support linear modeling, non-
linear modeling, classical statistics, classifications,
clustering and more. The appeal of the R language
had gradually spread out of academia into business
settings, as many data analytics who trained on R in
college prefer using it rather than pick up new tool
with which they are inexperienced.

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 What are R-operators?
Operators are the symbols directing the compiler to
perform various kinds of operations between the operands.
Operators simulate the various mathematical, logical, and
decision operations performed on a set of Complex
Numbers, Integers, and Numerical as input operands.
R support majorly four kinds of binary operators between
a set of operands. R language is rich in bult-in operators.

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 TYPES OF R-OPERATORS
Arithmetic Operators
Logical Operators
Relational Operators
Assignment Operators
Miscellaneous Operators

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ARITHEMETIC
OPERATORS
 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
• Arithmetic operations simulate various math operations, like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulo using the specified
operator between operands, which may be either scalar values,
complex numbers, or vectors.
• The operations are performed element-wise at the corresponding
positions of the vectors.
• All these R arithmetic operators are binary operators, which means
they operate on two operands.

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 Input : a <- 6 b <- 8.4 print (a-b) Output : -2.4

 Addition Operator(+):

The value at the corresponding positions of both the operands are added.

Input : a<- c(1, 0.1)

b<- c(2.33, 4)
print (a+b)
Output : 3.33 4.10

 Subtraction Operator(-):

The second operand values are subtracted from the first.

Input : a<- 6
b<- 8.4
print(a-b)
Output : -2.4
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 Multiplication Operator(*)
The multiplication of corresponding elements of vectors and Integers are multiplied with
the use of ‘*’ operator.

Input : B= matrix(c(4,6i), nrow=1,ncol=2)

C= matrix(c(2,2i), nrow=1,ncol=2
Print(B*C)
Output : 8+0i -1260i
The element at corresponding positions of matrices are multiplied.

 Division Operator(/)

The first operand is divided by the second operand with the use of ‘/’ operator

Input : a<-1
b<-0
Output ; -Inf

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 S.No Operators Operation
1. + Addition
2. - Subtraction
3. * Multiplication
4. / Division
5. %/% Integer Division- Same as
Division, but it return the
integer value by flooring the
extra decimal

6. ^ Exponent- It returns the Power

of One variable against the
other
7. %% Modulus- It returns remainder
after the division

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RELATIONAL
OPERATORS
 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
• A relational operator is a symbol which defines some kind of relation
between two entities.
• These include numeric equalities and inequalities.
• A relational operator compares each element of first vector with the
corresponding element of the second vector.
• The result of the comparison will be a Boolean Value.
• There are following relational operators which are supported by R:

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 S.No Operator Description

1. > This operator will return TRUE when every element in the first vector is
greater than the corresponding element of the second vector.

2. < This operator will return TRUE when every element in the first vector is less
then the corresponding element of the second vector.

3. <= This operator will return TRUE when every element I n the first vector is
less than or equal to the corresponding element of another vector.

4. >= This operator will return TRUE when every element in the first vector is
greater than or equal to the corresponding element of another vector.

5. == The operator will return TRUE when every element in the first vector is
equal to the corresponding element of the second vector.
6. != This operator will return TRUE when every element in the first vector is not
equal to the Corresponding element of the second vector.
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 LOGICAL
OPERATORS
 LOGICAL OPERATORS
• Logical operations simulate element-wise decision operations, based
on the specified operator between the operands, which are then
evaluated to either TRUE or FALSE Boolean value.
• Any non zero integer value is considered as TRUE value, be it
complex or real number.
• The logical operators in R programming are used to combine two or
more conditions, and perform the logical operations using &(Logical
AND), |(Logical OR) and !(Logical NOT).

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 S.No Operators Name Description

1. & logical AND It returns true when both conditions are

true

2. && logical AND Same as the above but, it works on

single element

3. | logical OR It return true when at-least one of the

condition is true

4. || logical OR Same as logical OR but, it works on

single element

5. ! Logical NOT If the condition is true, logical NOT

operator returns as false

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ASSIGNMENT
OPERATORS
 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to various data objects
in R.
• The objects may be integers, vectors, or functions.
• These values are then stores by the assigned variables names.
• There are two kind of assignment operators: Left and Right.

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  Left Assignment (<- or<<-or=) :
Assign a value to a vector.

Input : vec1 = c(“ab”, TRUE)

print (vec1)
Output : “ab” “TRUE”

 Right Assignment(-> or->>) :

Assigns value to a vector.

Input : c(“ab”, TRUE) ->>vec1

print(vec1)
Output : “ab” “TRUE”

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MISCELLANEO
US
OPERATORS
 Miscellaneous Operators
These are the mixed operators that simulate the printing of sequences
and assignment of vectors, either left or right-handed.
These R programming operators are used for special cases and are not
for general mathematical or logical computation.

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  %in% Operator :
Checks if an element belongs to a list and returns a Boolean value TRUE if the value is
present else FALSE.

Input : val <-0.1

list1<-c(TRUE, 0.1, “apple”)
print (val %in =% list1)
Output : TRUE

Checks for the vale 0.1 in the specified list. It exists, therefore, prints TRUE.

 Colon Operator(:) :
Prints a list of elements starting with the element before the color to the element after it.

Input : print(1:5)
Output : 1 2 3 4 5

Prints a sequence of the numbers from 1 to 5.

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 %*% Operator :
This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. Transpose of the matrix is obtained by interchanging the
rows to columns and columns to rows. The number of columns of first matrix must be equal to number of rows of
second matrix. Multiplication of the matrix A with its transpose, B, produce a square matrix.

Input : mat= matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6),nrow=2,ncol=3)

print(mat)
print(t(mat))
pro=mat%*% t(mat)
print(pro)
Output : [,1] [,2] [,3] #original matrix of order2x3
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 2 4 6

[,1] [,2] #transposed matrix of order 3x2

[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6

[,1] [,2] #product matrix of order2x2

[1,] 35 44
[2,] 44 56
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Thank you

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