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AI - Lec 01

This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of artificial intelligence (AI) including types of AI, what intelligence is, and the components of intelligence such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and language use. It also discusses specific AI topics like applications, types of learning and reasoning, problem solving approaches, perception challenges, and the nature of language.

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Manish Guleria
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20 views15 pages

AI - Lec 01

This document provides an introduction to the key concepts of artificial intelligence (AI) including types of AI, what intelligence is, and the components of intelligence such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and language use. It also discusses specific AI topics like applications, types of learning and reasoning, problem solving approaches, perception challenges, and the nature of language.

Uploaded by

Manish Guleria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

Lecture-01

Students will learn the


Introduction to AI.

1
Introduction to AI
• Topics to be covered
• Introduction to AI
• Types of AI
• What is Intelligence
Components of intelligence:
• Learning,
• Reasoning,
• Problem solving,
• Perception,
• Using language 2
Artificial Intelligence (AI),

• Artificial Intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital


computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks
commonly associated with intelligent beings.
3
Types Of AI

4
AI Vs Robot

5
AI - Applications
• Artificial Intelligence in this limited sense is found in
applications as diverse as
• Medical diagnosis,
• Computer search engines,
• voice or handwriting recognition.

6
What is intelligence?

• THE ABILITY TO
• UNDERSTAND,
• LEARN AND
• THINK.
• The ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's
environment or to think abstractly as measured by
objective criteria (such as tests).
• The definition of intelligence is the ability to retain
knowledge, use reasoning to solve problems or have
above average brain power.
7
Types of Intelligence

• Word Smart (linguistic intelligence)


• Math Smart (numerical/reasoning/logic intelligence)
• Physically Smart (kinesthetics intelligence)
• Music Smart (musical intelligence)
• People Smart (interpersonal intelligence)
• Self Smart (intrapersonal intelligence)
• Visually Smart (Spatial intelligence)

8
Learning
• There are a number of different forms of learning as
applied to artificial intelligence.
• The simplest is learning by trial and error.
Example - Chess
• A simple computer program for solving mate-in-one chess problems
might try moves at random until mate is found.
• The program might then store the solution with the position so that
the next time the computer encountered the same position it would
recall the solution.
• This simple memorizing of individual items and procedures—known
as rote learning—is relatively easy to implement on a computer.
Reasoning

• To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the


situation.
• Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive.
• Inductive reasoning is common in science, where data are
collected and tentative models are developed to describe and predict
future behaviour—until the appearance of anomalous data forces the
model to be revised.
• Deductive reasoning is common in mathematics and logic, where
elaborate structures of irrefutable theorems are built up from a small
set of basic axioms and rules.

10
Problem solving

• Problem solving, particularly in artificial intelligence,


may be characterized as a systematic search through a
range of possible actions in order to reach some
predefined goal or solution.
Problem-solving methods divide into special purpose
and general purpose.
• A special-purpose method is tailor-made for a particular
problem and often exploits very specific features of the
situation in which the problem is embedded.
11
Continued

• General-purpose method is applicable to a wide


variety of problems. One general-purpose technique used
in AI is means-end analysis—a step-by-step, or
incremental, reduction of the difference between the
current state and the final goal.
• The program selects actions from a list of means—in the
case of a simple robot this might consist of PICKUP,
PUTDOWN, MOVEFORWARD, MOVEBACK,
MOVELEFT, and MOVERIGHT—until the goal is
reached.
12
Perception

• In perception the environment is scanned by means of


various sensory organs, real or artificial, and the scene is
decomposed into separate objects in various spatial
relationships.
• Analysis is complicated by the fact that an object may
appear different depending on the angle from which it is
viewed, the direction and intensity of illumination in the
scene, and how much the object contrasts with the
surrounding field.
• Example – Sensors.
13
Language

• A language is a system of signs having meaning by


convention. In this sense, language need not be confined
to the spoken word.
• Traffic signs, for example, form a minilanguage, it being a
matter of convention that ⚠ means “hazard ahead” in
some countries.
• An important characteristic of full-fledged human
languages—in contrast to birdcalls and traffic signs—is
their productivity.
• A productive language can formulate an unlimited
variety of sentences. 14
15

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