UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT ACADEMIC UNIT-1

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science Engineering)
SUBJECT NAME: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE : 23ECH-101
By
Dr. Shikha
Unit-3, Chapter-1
Lecture No. 3.1.4
DC MACHINES

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 LECTURE
OBJECTIVES
S. No. Objectives

1 To make student aware about the basic construction of DC Machine.

2 To aware about the working principal of DC Machine.

3 To provide knowledge about the load characteristics of DC machines.

4 To make familiar with speed control of DC Machines.

5 To give knowledge about EMF equation of DC Machine.

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 Course
Objectives
S.
Objectives
No.

1
Understand Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Fundamentals

To prepare students to perform the analysis and design of

2
various Electrical & digital electronic circuits.
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ectrical-theory/

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Course Outcomes
CO
Numbe Title Level
r

To identify the different types of electrical elements and the basic op-amp
Remembe
CO1 circuit elements and to illustrate the various types of motors, transducers.
r
To understand basic principles of transformers, transducers, op-amps, DC
and AC motors and to compare the different methods for analysing Understan
CO2
electrical and magnetic circuits.
d

To derive the relationships between parameters in electric and magnetic

CO3 circuits and motors and to determine specifications of op-amps. Analyze

To solve the basic problems related to electric circuits, magnetic circuits

and motors and to assess the characteristics of different configurations of
CO4 Evaluate
op-amps.
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To design the different applications of transducers, motors as well as the ectrical-theory/
CO5 op-amps like adders, subtractor and comparators. Create

4
 CONTENTS
 Introduction of DC Motor
 Constructional Parts of DC Motor.
 Function of Commutator in DC Motor
 Function of Armature Winding.
 Types of Armature Windings
 Function of Brushes in DC Motor.
 Working of DC Motor.

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 UNIT-2
DC MOTOR

Fig: 1. Pictorial View of DC Motor

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 DC MOTOR
• A DC Motor or Direct Current Motor
converts electrical energy in to mechanical
energy.
• A Direct Current (DC) motor is fairly simple
electric motor that uses electricity and a
magnetic field to produce torque, which Fig: 2. Small Size DC Motor
turns the rotor and hence give mechanical
work.

Fig: 3. Large Size DC Motor

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CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF DC
MACHINE
1) Magnetic Frame or yoke
2) Pole core & Pole shoes.
3) Magnetic field or Exciting coils
4) Armature core
5) Armature winding
a) Lap Winding
b) Wave Winding
6) Commutator
7) Brushes.
8) Bearing
9) End ring
10) Shaft.
 CONSTRUCTIONAL VIEW OF DC
MACHINE

Fig: 4. Constructional View of DC Machine

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 OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINE

Fig:5. Overview of DC Machine

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 MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE

•The outer hollow cylindrical frame to which main poles and inter-poles are
fixed and by means of which the machine is fixed to the foundation is
known as Yoke.
The two main purposes of the yoke are as follows:-
•It supports the pole cores and provides mechanical protection to the inner
parts of the machines.
• It provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux.
 POLE CORE & POLE SHOES
• The Pole Core and Pole Shoes are fixed to the magnetic frame or yoke by bolts.
• The pole core and shoes are made of thin cast steel or wrought iron laminations.
• It supports the field or exciting coils.
• They spread out the magnetic flux over the armature periphery more uniformly.
• It increases the cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit, as a result, the
reluctance of the magnetic path is reduced.

Fig:6. Pole Core & Pole Shoes

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 FIELD or EXCITING COILS
• The enameled copper wire is used for the construction of field or exciting
coils.
• The field coils of all the poles are connected in series in such a way that when
current flows through them, the adjacent poles attain opposite polarity.

Fig:7. Field or Exciting Coils

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 ARMATURE WINDING
• The insulated conductors are placed in the slots of the armature core.
• The armature winding is the heart of the DC Machine.
• Armature winding is a place where conversion of power takes place.
• windings are classified into two types named as Lap Winding and Wave
Winding.
• Lap Winding
• In lap winding, the conductors are connected in such a way that the number
of parallel paths are equal to the number of poles.
• Wave Winding
• In wave winding, the conductors are so connected that they are divided into
two parallel paths irrespective of the number of poles of the machine.
 COMMUTATOR

• The commutator which rotates with the armature, is cylindrical in shape.

• It connects the rotating armature conductors to the stationary external
circuit through brushes.
• It converts the induced alternating current in the armature conductor into
unidirectional current in the external load circuit in DC Generator action,
whereas it converts the alternating torque into unidirectional (continuous)
torque produced in the armature in motor action.

Fig:8. Commutator
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 BRUSHES

• The brushes are pressed upon the Commutator and form the connecting
link between the armature winding and the external circuit.
• The pressure exerted by the brushes on the Commutator can be adjusted
and is maintained at a constant value by means of springs.
• It can be used to provide a lubricating effect on Commutator surface.
END HOUSINGS
•End housings are attached to the ends of the Mainframe and provide support to
the bearings.
BEARINGS
•The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end housings. The function of the
bearings is to reduce friction between the rotating and stationary parts of the
machine
 SHAFT
• The shaft is made of mild steel with a maximum breaking strength. The
shaft is used to transfer mechanical power from or to the machine.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
• A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical power is known
as a Direct Current motor.
• DC motor working is based on the principle that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force.
• The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule and magnitude
is given by;
F = BIL Newton’s
• According to Fleming’s left-hand rule when an electric current passes
through a coil in a magnetic field, the magnetic force produces a torque that
turns the DC motor. The direction of this force is perpendicular to both the
wire and the magnetic field.
 SUMMARY
 Introduction to DC Motor & its constructions.
 Working Principle of DC Motor
 Function of Commutator in DC motor
 Types of Armature Windings.

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
• What is the principle operation of DC Motors?
• What is the function of Commutator in DC Motor.
• What is the function of Brushes in DC Motor.
• What is Lap Winding & Wave Winding.

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 To Guide the students about basic
knowledge of DC motor & it’s working
LEARNING principle.
• To aware about constructional part
OUTCOMES of DC motor.
• To make the students aware about
concept of type of armature
windings.
• To make the students about
function of Commutator in DC
Motor.
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 Course Outcome to Program Outcome Relationship
(21ELH-101) BEEE
PO→

CO↓ PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
1

CO1 3 2 3

CO2 3 2 3

CO3 3 2 3

CO4 3 2 3

CO5 3 2 3

22
 ASSESSMENT PATTERN

A B C D E F G
Assignment Time Bound Quiz (each Mid Semester Homework Discussion Attendance
(each Surprise Test quiz) Test(one per Forums and
assignment) (each test) test) engagement
Score on BB

10 12 4 20 NA NA 2

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 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER HIGHER
LEARNING
• https://www.usna.edu/EE/ee301/supplements/Rotating%20DC
%20Motors%20Supplement%20I.pdf
.
• https://www.usna.edu/EE/ee301/supplements/Linear%20Mot
ors%20Supplement.pdf
.

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 REFERENCES
Books:
[1] Basic of Electrical Engineering, T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S.Sukhija,2013 ,2nd edition
[2]Theory and problems of Basic Electrical Engineering, J. Nagrath and Kothari, 2012, 2nd edition
[3] A Textbook of Electrical Technology, B.L Theraja,2010,Vol 1
[4] Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Smarjith Ghosh,2013,1st edition
E-Books:
[1] http://www.freeengineeringbooks.com/Electrical/DC-Motors-Books.php
[2] http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/W3lib/books/ElectroCraft85/ch2.dcmotor.pdf
Websites:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motor
[2] https://www.electrical4u.com/dc-motor-or-direct-current-motor/
[3] https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/108105053/pdf/L-39(TB)(ET)%20((EE)NPTEL).pdf
[4] https://www.slideshare.net/saaz1425/dc-motor-23906628
Videos:
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MnmcMYbsfQ
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASnDSEeWADk
[3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsWNGcZ-jds 25
 THANK YOU
For queries
Email: [email protected]