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Cos323 s06 Lecture15 Sampling

Sampling a continuous signal involves multiplying it by an impulse train. This causes high frequencies to alias into low frequencies. To prevent aliasing, a low-pass filter must be applied before sampling to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist limit. An ideal sampling filter is a brick wall filter, but a Gaussian filter provides a good practical compromise for sampling.

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Andi Harismahyanti
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23 views

Cos323 s06 Lecture15 Sampling

Sampling a continuous signal involves multiplying it by an impulse train. This causes high frequencies to alias into low frequencies. To prevent aliasing, a low-pass filter must be applied before sampling to eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist limit. An ideal sampling filter is a brick wall filter, but a Gaussian filter provides a good practical compromise for sampling.

Uploaded by

Andi Harismahyanti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

COS 323
Signal Processing

• Sampling a continuous function


Signal Processing

• Convolve with reconstruction filter to


re-create signal

 =
How to Sample?

• Reconstructed signal might be very different from


original: “aliasing”

 
Why Does Aliasing Happen?

• Sampling = multiplication by shah function III(x)


(also known as impulse train)

 =

III(x)
Fourier Analysis

• Multiplication in primal space = convolution in


frequency space

F  f ( x ) g ( x )   F  f ( x )   F g ( x ) 
sampling frequency
• Fourier transform of III is III

III(x) F (III(x))
Fourier Analysis

 =

• Result: high frequencies can “alias”


into low frequencies
Fourier Analysis

• Convolution with reconstruction filter =


multiplication in frequency space

F  f ( x)  g ( x)   F  f ( x) F g ( x) 

 =
Aliasing in Frequency Space

• Conclusions:
– High frequencies can alias into low frequencies
– Can’t be cured by a different reconstruction filter
– Nyquist limit: can capture all frequencies iff signal has
maximum frequency  ½ sampling rate

 =
Filters for Sampling

• Solution: insert filter before sampling


– “Sampling” or “bandlimiting” or “antialiasing” filter

Original Reconstruction Reconstructed


Prefilter Sample
Signal Filter Signal

– Low-pass filter
– Eliminate frequency content above Nyquist limit
– Result: aliasing replaced by blur
Ideal Sampling Filter

• “Brick wall” filter:


box in frequency

• In space: sinc function


– sinc(x) = sin(x) / x
– Infinite support
– Possibility of “ringing”
Cheap Sampling Filter

• Box in space
– Cheap to evaluate
– Finite support

• In frequency: sinc
– Imperfect bandlimiting
Gaussian Sampling Filter

• Fourier transform of Gaussian = Gaussian


• Good compromise as sampling filter:
– Well approximated by function w. finite support
– Good bandlimiting performance

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