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Integration is the calculation of an integral, which denotes the summation of discrete data to find functions describing areas, displacements, and volumes arising from collections of small data. Double integration extends integration to functions of two variables by integrating over a region in two-dimensional space. It can be used to find the area of a rectangle and the volume of a solid bounded above by a function. Double integrals can be evaluated using Riemann sums, iterated integrals according to Fubini's theorem, or by changing to polar coordinates.

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32 views

Maths Presentation

Integration is the calculation of an integral, which denotes the summation of discrete data to find functions describing areas, displacements, and volumes arising from collections of small data. Double integration extends integration to functions of two variables by integrating over a region in two-dimensional space. It can be used to find the area of a rectangle and the volume of a solid bounded above by a function. Double integrals can be evaluated using Riemann sums, iterated integrals according to Fubini's theorem, or by changing to polar coordinates.

Uploaded by

lshskhemani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTEGRATION

Integration is the calculation of an integral. The integration denotes the summation of discrete data. The
integral is calculated to find the functions which will describe the area, displacement, volume, that occurs
due to a collection of small data, which cannot be measured singularly.

RIEMANN SUMS
The Riemann sums for the integral of a single-variable function f (x) are obtained by partitioning a finite
interval into thin subintervals, multiplying the width of each subinterval by the value of f at a point c k
inside that subinterval, and then adding together all the products

DOUBLE INTEGRATION
Double integration typically refers to the process of calculating a double integral. A double integral extends the idea
of integral to functions of two variables. It involves integrating a function over a region in a two-dimensional space.
We can easily find the area of a rectangular region by double integration. It is denoted using ‘∫∫’.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION OVER RECTANGLES
To form a Riemann sum over R, we choose a point (xk , yk ) in the kth
small rectangle, multiply the value of f at that point by the area ∆Ak , and
add together the products
SN = ∆Ak .
When a limit of the sums SN exists , the double integral of a function f(x, y) over a region R is denoted by ∬R
f(x, y) dA, where dA represents a differential area element in the region R.
Mathematically, the double integral is expressed as:
∫∫R​f(x,y)dxdy.
It can be shown that if f (x, y) is continuous function throughout R, then
f is integrable. Many discontinuous functions are also integrable, including functions which
are discontinuous only on a finite number of points or smooth curves.

DOUBLE INTEGRATION AS VOLUMES


Each term f (xk,yk )∆Ak in the sum SN =∆Ak is the volume of a vertical rectangular box that approximates
the volume of the portion of the solid that stands directly above the base ∆A k .
The sum SN thus approximates what we want to call the total volume of
the solid. We define this volume to be
Volume = =∫∫R​f(x,y) dA
where ∆Ak → 0 as n → ∞.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate the double integral
∬R​(3x2+2y)dxdy where R is the rectangle defined by 0≤x≤2 and 1≤y≤3.
Solution:
dydx
Now, let's evaluate the inner integral first:
​dy=[3x2y+y2] 31​
Solving the upper and lower limits:
=[3x2(3)+(3)2]−[3x2(1)+(1)2]
=9x2+9−3x2−1
=6x2+8
Now, evaluate the outer integral:
dx
=[2x3+8x]20​
Substitute the upper and lower limits:
=(2(2)3+8​(2))−(2(0)3+8(0))
=(16+16)−0
=32
EXAMPLE 2
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the elliptical paraboloid
z = 10+x2+ 3y2
and below by the rectangle R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.
Solution:
The volume is given by the double integral
V=10+x2+ 3y2 dA
=
Now, let's evaluate the inner integral first:
=[10y+x2y+y3]20
=[10(2)+2x2+23]
=28+2x2
Now, evaluate the outer integral:

=[28x+2x3/3]10
=86/3
FUBINI’S THEOREM FOR DOUBLE INTEGRALS
A theorem published in 1907 by Guido Fubini says that double integrals over rectangles can be
calculated as iterated integrals. Fubini’s Theorem also says that we may calculate the double integral
by integrating in either order.
If f (x, y) is continuous throughtout the rectangular region
R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, then
∫∫R​f(x,y) dA=dx dy =dy dx.
Double Integrals over Bounded Nonrectangular
Regions
(a)A type I region is bounded on the left and right by vertical lines x = a and x = b and is bounded below
and above by continuous curves y = g1(x) and y = g2(x), where g1(x) ≤ g2(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b.
(b)A type II region is bounded below and above by horizontal lines y = c and y = d and is bounded on
the left and right by continuous curves x = h1(y) and x = h2(y) satisfying h1(y) ≤ h2(y) for c ≤ y ≤ d.
If R is defined by a ≤ x ≤ b, g1(x) ≤ y ≤ g2(x), with g1 and g2 continuous on [a, b], then
∫∫Rf (x, y) dA =dy dx.
If R is defined by c ≤ y ≤ d, h1(y) ≤ x ≤ h2(y), with h1 and h2 continuous on [c, d],then
∫∫Rf (x, y) dA = dx dy.

Double Integral over unbounded Region:-


When calculating over unbounded region the method is to extend the limits to cover the
unbounded nature of the region.
Consider the double integral over a region R in the Cartesian plane:

Where R is unbounded in the y-direction, from x=a to x=b and y≥g(x), the integral can be
expressed as an improper integral:
Finding limits of double integral (change of order):-
Fubini’s Theorem assures that a double integral may be calculated as an iterated integral in either order of
integration. So , there is a procedure for finding limits of integration that applies for many regions in the
plane. Regions that are more complicated, and for which this procedure fails, can often be split up into
pieces on which the procedure works.
Using Vertical Cross-sections
When faced with evaluation

1. Sketch : Sketch the region of integration and label the bounding curves.
2. ylimits : Imagine a vertical line L cutting through R in the direction of increasing y. Mark the y-values
where L enters and leaves. These are the y-limits of integration and are usually functions of x (instead of
constants).
3. xlimits : Choose x-limits that include all the vertical lines through R.

Using Horizontal Cross-sections


When faced with evaluation
1. Sketch : Sketch the region of integration and label the bounding curves.
2. xlimits : Imagine a horizontal line L cutting through R in the direction of increasing x. Mark the
x-values where L enters and leaves. These are the x-limits of integration and are usually
functions of y (instead of constants).
3. ylimits : Choose y-limits that include all the horizontal lines through R.

Properties of Double Integrals


If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous, then:-

• Constant Multiple :
∫∫Rcf (x, y) dA = c∫∫Rf(x,y)dA

• Sum and Difference :


∫∫R{f (x, y) ± g(x, y)}dA =∫∫Rf (x, y) dA ±∫∫Rg(x, y) dA.

• Domination :
∫∫Rf (x, y) dA ≥ if f (x, y) ≥ 0 on A.
∫∫Rf (x, y) dA ≥∫∫Rg(x, y) dA if f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) on R.

• Additivity :
∫∫Rf (x, y) dA =∫∫R1f (x, y) dA +∫∫R2f (x, y) dA
if R is the union of two nonoverlapping regions R1 and R2.
Polar coordinates :-.
Polar coordinates are a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point in the plane is
determined by its distance from a fixed point called the pole and its angle from a fixed direction called
the polar axis.
In the polar coordinate system, a point P in the plane is uniquely identified by an ordered pair (r,θ),
where:
•r is the distance from the point to the pole (origin).
•θ is the angle formed by the polar axis and the line segment connecting the pole to the point, measured
in a counter-clockwise direction.

Relation of polar and cartesian form:-


The Cartesian and polar coordinate systems are related by the following
equations.
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
r2 = x2 + y2
tan θ =y/x
Why are polar coordinates not unique:-
Polar coordinates are not unique because there are multiple ways to represent the same point in the polar
plane. This non-uniqueness arises from the periodic nature of the trigonometric functions involved in polar
coordinates. As in trigonometry, θ is positive when measured counterclockwise and
negative when measured clockwise.

Changing cartesian integrals to polar coordinates:-


Change Variables:
•Substitute x=rcos(θ) and y=rsin(θ).
•Also, replace dA with rdrdθ (the area element in polar coordinates).
Determine New Limits:
•Express the limits of integration in terms of r and θ.
•The outer integral limits (θ) typically cover the entire angle span of the region, and the inner integral
limits (r) reflect the radial distance
Modify the Function:
•Express the function f(x,y) in terms of r and θ.

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