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Science 9 Lesson 1 The Structure of The Chromosomes

Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of DNA and protein that carry genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes that determine gender. Chromosomes can be classified based on the location of the centromere as metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric. Chromosomal disorders occur when there are abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, such as trisomy 21 which causes Down syndrome.

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71 views35 pages

Science 9 Lesson 1 The Structure of The Chromosomes

Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of DNA and protein that carry genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes that determine gender. Chromosomes can be classified based on the location of the centromere as metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, or telocentric. Chromosomal disorders occur when there are abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, such as trisomy 21 which causes Down syndrome.

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“I am the unit determiners of hereditary

characteristics and carriers of genes”

WHOAM I?
S E MO S O MO R H C
“I am the unit determiners of hereditary
characteristics and carriers of genes”

WHOAM I?
C H R O MO S O M E S
THE STRUCTURE OF THE
CHROMOSOME
S 
OBJECTIVES
:
Describe the chromosomes and how
the genes are arranged in them;

Differentiate between autosomes and
sex chromosomes; and

Explain how the gender of an


organism is determined.
What
 is
CHROMOSO
MES?
CHROMOS
OMES
CHROMA (COLOR)
SOMA (BODY)

Chromosomes can be
stained or colored by
specific dyes.
CHROMOS
OMES
Chromosomes arethreadlike
structures made of protein
and a

single molecule of DNA
that serve to carry the
genomic information from
cell to cell.
CHROMOS
OMES
PROKARYOTES
(CYTOPLASM called the

NUCLEOID)

EUKARYOTES (NUCLEUS
OF THE CELLS)
CHROMOS
OMES

FOUR TYPES OF
CHROMOSOMES
METACENTRIC


SUBMETACENTRIC

TELOCENTRIC
ACROCENTRIC
CHROMOS
OMES

METACENT
RIC
Metacentric
chromosomeshave the
centromere located midway

between the ends of the
chromosome, separating the
two arms of the
chromosome
SUBMETACE
NTRIC
Submetacentric
chromosomesis a

chromosomes whose
centromere is located
near the middle.
ACROCENTR
IC
A chromosomes where the
central
centromere is not
and is instead located near
end of the chromosomes.
TELOCENTRI
C
A telocentric
chromosome is a

chromosome whose
centromere is located
at one end.
HOMOLOGOUS

CHROMOSO
MES
HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOM
ES
The bones serve as the
the body.
framework of

CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF SOME
ORGANISMS
SPECIES OF ORGANISMS CHROMOSOMES NUMBER
HUMAN 46
GORILLA 48
DONKEY 62


CAT 38
COW 60
EARTHWORM 36
PUFFER FISH 42
DOG 78
FRUIT FLY 4
MOSQUITO 6
The HUman

CHROMOSO
The human
CHROMOSOM
ES
Humans have 46 chromosomes
(diploid number/2N).

Forty-four (44) of these chromosomes are
called AUTOSOMES and the two are the
SEX CHROMOSOMES/GONOSOMES.
CHROMOSOM
ES
Females have two copies of the X
chromosome (XX), referred to as
homogametic sex chromosomes.

Males have only one X chromosome
and the other one is the Y
chromosomes (XY), referred to as
heterogametic sex chromosomes.

CHROMOSOMAL
DISORDER
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER
TRISOMY 21
DOWN SYNDROME
TRISOMY 18
EDWARD’S SYNDROME
TRISOMY 13
PATAU SYNDROME
MONOSOMY X
TURNER SYNDROME
XXY SYNDROME
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
Down
TRISOMY
Syndrome
21
Trisomy 21 is a common
congenital chromosomal
anomaly. The conditions
occurs when there is one
extra copy of chromosome
21 in cells in the body.

Edward’s
TRISOMY Syndrome
18
Trisomy 18 is a
disorder in which
babies are born with
3 copies of
chromosome 18
instead of 2.

Patau
TRISOMY
Syndrome
13
Trisomy 13 is a severe
chromosomal condition,
with multiple
malformations due to an
additional copy of all or
part of chromosome 13.

MONOSO
Turner Syndrome

MY X
Turner syndrome, a
condition that affects only
females, results when one
of the X chromosomes
(sex chromosomes) is
missing or partially
missing.

Klinefelter
XXY
Syndrome
SYNDROME
Klinefelter syndrome
is a genetic condition
affecting males with an
extra copy of the X
chromosome (XXY).
ACTIVITY
In your own words define the
following terms:

• Sister Chromatids
• 
Homologous Chromosomes
• Alleles
• Centromere
• Genes
• Karyotype
• Locus

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