CAP275: Data Communication and Networking

Data Link Layer – Framing

School of Computer Applications

Lovely Professional University
Data Link Layer
 The Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI model,
above the Physical Layer, which ensures that the error free
data is transferred between the adjacent nodes in the network.
 Data Link Layer provides two main functionalities:
 Reliable data transfer service between two peer network layers
 Providing a well-defined service interface to the network layer.
 Dealing with transmission errors.
 Flow Control mechanism which regulates the flow of frames such that
data congestion should not occur at slow receivers due to fast senders.

 Functions of Data Link Layer

 Framing: Data-link layer takes packets from Network Layer and
encapsulates them into Frames. Then, it sends each frame bit-by-bit
on the hardware. At receiver’ end, data link layer picks up signals
from hardware and assembles them into frames.
 Physical Addressing: Data-link layer provides layer-2 hardware
addressing mechanism. Hardware address is assumed to be unique
on the link. It is encoded into hardware at the time of manufacturing.
 Synchronization: When data frames are sent on the link, both
machines must be synchronized in order to transfer to take place.
 Error Control: Sometimes signals may have encountered
problem in transition and the bits are flipped. These errors are
detected and attempted to recover actual data bits. It also provides
error reporting mechanism to the sender.
 Flow Control: Stations on same link may have different speed or
capacity. Data-link layer ensures flow control that enables both
machine to exchange data on same speed.
 Multiple-Access: When host on the shared link tries to transfer
the data, it has a high probability of collision. Data-link layer
provides mechanism such as CSMA/CD to equip capability of
accessing a shared media among multiple Systems.
Therefore the two main functions of the data link layer are:
Logical Link Control (LLC): It deals with the design and
procedures for communication b/w nodes: node-to-node
communication.
Media Access Control (MAC): It explains how to share the
link.
Logical Link Control
Logical link control functions include framing, flow and
error control, and software implemented protocols that
provide smooth and reliable transmission of frames between
nodes.
To implement logical link control, we need protocols.
Protocol is a set of rules that need to be implemented in
software and run by the two nodes involved in data exchange
at the data link layer.
Logical Link Layer Services
Framing
Error Control
Flow Control
Framing
The data link layer needs to pack bits into frames, so that each
frame is distinguishable from another.
 Our postal system practices a type of framing. The simple act of inserting a
letter into an envelope separates one piece of information from another; the
envelope serves as the delimiter.
The frame contains
Frame header
Payload field for holding packet
Frame trailer
Breaking the bit stream up into frames is more difficult than
it at first appears. One way to achieve this framing is to insert
time gaps between frames, much like the spaces between
words in ordinary text. However, networks rarely make any
guarantees about timing, so it is possible these gaps might be
squeezed out or other gaps might be inserted during
transmission.
There are four methods:
1. Character count
2. Flag bytes with byte stuffing
3. Starting and ending flags, with bit stuffing
4. Physical layer coding violations
Character count
The first framing method uses a field in the header to
specify the number of characters in the frame.
When the data link layer at the destination sees the
character count, it knows how many characters follow and
hence where the end of the frame is.
Flag bytes with byte stuffing
 This type of approach is also known as character-oriented
approach, data to be carried are 8-bit characters.
 The header, which normally carries the source and destination
addresses and other control information.
 Trailer carries error detection or error correction redundant bits, are
also multiples of 8 bits.
 To separate one frame from the next, an 8-bit (1-byte) flag is added
at the beginning and the end of a frame.
 The flag, composed of protocol-dependent special characters,
signals the start or end of a frame.
Byte Stuffing and Unstuffing
Starting and ending flags, with bit stuffing
 This process is also known as bit oriented framing approach.
 Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive
1’s follow a 0 in the data, so that the receiver does not mistake the pattern
0111110 for a flag.
 Most protocols use a special 8-bit pattern flag 01111110 as the delimiter to
define the beginning and the end of the frame, as shown in Figure below
 This flag can create the same type of problem. That is, if the flag pattern
appears in the data, we need to somehow inform the receiver that this is
not the end of the frame.
 We do this by stuffing 1 single bit (instead of I byte) to prevent the pattern
from looking like a flag. The strategy is called bit stuffing.
Bit Stuffing
(a) The original data.
(b) The data as they appear on the line.
(c) The data as they are stored in receiver’s memory after
destuffing.
Physical Layer Coding Violation
 The last method of framing is only applicable to networks in which
the encoding on the physical medium contains some redundancy
 For example, some LANs encode 1 bit of data by using 2 physical bits. Normally, a
1 bit is a high-low pair and a 0 bit is a low-high pair.
 The scheme means that every data bit has a transition in the middle, making it easy
for the receiver to locate the bit boundaries.
 The combinations high-high and low-low are not used for data but are used for
delimiting frames in some protocols.
 As a final note on framing, many data link protocols use a
combination of a character count with one of the other methods for
extra safety.
 When a frame arrives, the count field is used to locate the end of the
frame.
 Only if the appropriate delimiter is present at that position and the
checksum is correct is the frame accepted as valid.
 Otherwise, the input stream is scanned for the next delimiter.