Introduction

• Introduction to IP Addresses
• ISP and Role of ISP
Introduction to IP Addressing
• An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique numerical number
assigned to every device (e.g., computer, printer, scanner, smartphone
etc.) that is connected to the internet.
• Although we use names such as www.amazon.com, to seek on the
Internet, computers translate these names into numerical addresses so
they can send data to the right location.
Why do we need IP addresses?
• IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers,
telephones, cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each
other.
• Therefore, without IP addresses, everything has to be done manually.
Such as:
• Copy data manually.
• Our devices could not send data.
• Snail-mail.
• No streaming video sites
• No ecommerce websites.
IP Versions
• There are currently two different versions of IP addresses in use:
• IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and
• IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), Newer version.
What do IP addresses look like
192.168.1.26

IP address
• An IP address is always a set of four numbers like this. Each
number can range from 0 to 255.
• This numbering system is called as Dotted decimal notation.
• So, the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255.
What do IP addresses look like?
192.168.1.34

11000000 10101000 00000001 00100010

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet
• IPV4 addresses, 32 bits long.
• Binary address, made up of 2 bit (binary digit) : 0 and 1
• Made up of 4 octet
Part of IP addresses
Every IP address is divided in two parts/ section:
• Your network ID: This part specifies the unique number assigned to your
network.
• Your host ID: This is the part of the IP address that you assign to each host/
computers.
• Those two sections comprise the basic structure of IP addresses. All computers on
the same network share the same network ID.

192.168.1.34
Network Host
Classes of IP address
• With an IPv4 address, there are five
classes of available IP ranges:
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D and
• Class E, while only A, B, and C
are commonly used.

192.168.1.34
Class A:
• Class A IP address starts from 0 – 127. I.e. the first octet ranges
from 1 – 127.
• The first 8 bits represents the network id and the remaining 24
bits represents the host id.

Class A

126.168.1.34

11111100 10101000 00000001 00100010

Network Id Host Id
Class B:
• Class B IP address starts from 128 – 191. I.e. the 1st & 2nd octet ranges from
128 – 191.
• The first 16 bits represents the network id and the remaining 16 bits
represents the host id.

Class B

130.168.1.34

10000010 10101000 00000001 00100010

Network Id Host Id
Class C:
• Class C IP address starts from 192 – 223. I.e. the 1st, 2nd, 3rd octet ranges
from 192 – 223.
• The first 24 bits represents the network id and the remaining 8 bits
represents the host id.

Class C

192.168.1.34

11000000 10101000 00000001 00100010

Network Id Host Id
 Class D:
• Class D IP address ranges from 224 to 239.
• They don’t have host ID. They are used for multicasting.
• Multicast means sending some information to some predefined
group of users/networks (Intended ones, as they want to receive).

Class E:
• The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force have reserved this for
their own research purpose. Therefore, no Class E Address has been
released for public use till now.
• IP addresses in this class ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254.
Reserved IP addresses
• According to standards set forth in Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) document RFC-1918, the following IPv4 address of Class A, B & C
are reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for
private internets, and are not publicly routable on the global internet:
• These IPs can be used within a network, campus, company and are
private to it.
• 0.0.0.0 – addresses used to communicate with the local network
• 127.0.0.1/8 – loopback addresses and self testing.
• 169.254.0.0/16 – link-local addresses (APIPA)
Reserved IP address
• The IP address 0.0.0.0 is sometimes called as wildcard address or unspecified address.
• A wildcard address acts similarly like a joker in a pack of cards, i.e. fulfilling duties when the
server can’t find original host address.
• This IP address have different function depending upon different scenario.
• It’s a non-routable meta-address that’s used to define an unknown or invalid target.
• 0.0.0.0 IP address also means your PC/laptop is offline, not connected to TCP/IP
network.
• Similarly, if the host PC is unable to resolve IP failure, it may be automatically assigned
by DHCP. Once your DHCP is assigned 0.0.0.0, it can’t communicate with any other
device over IP.
• In simple language, it means no internet or intranet access.
• In some cases, it can also be set as a device’s subnet mask.
Reserved IP address
• 127.0.0.1/8 is called the loopback Internet protocol (IP) address also referred to as
the localhost.
• The address is used to establish an IP connection to the same machine or
computer being used by the end-user.
• If you call the IP address 127.0.0.1 then you are communicating with the localhost
– in principle, with your own computer.
• Developers use the local host to test programs and web applications.
• Network administrators can also use the loopback to test network
connections.
Reserved IP Address
• The IETF reserved the 169.254.0.0/16 block of IPv4 addresses to use for link-
local IP address assignment
• Microsoft included support for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) in its
operating systems starting with Windows 98, with the noble intent of
providing a way for systems to communicate with one another on a LAN when
services like DHCP did not exist.
• If the client is unable to find any information, it uses APIPA to automatically
configure itself with an IP address.
• The APIPA service also checks regularly for the presence of a DHCP server
(every five minutes, according to Microsoft). If it detects a DHCP server on the
network, APIPA stops, and the DHCP server replaces the APIPA networking
addresses with dynamically assigned addresses.
Subnet, Subnet Mask
• Subnet is a small part of a network and the practice of dividing a very large
network into two or more smaller networks is called as Subnetting.
• Subnet mask is a mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to.
• A subnet mask is a 4 bytes (32-bit) number that masks an IP address, and divides
the IP address into network address and host address.
Subnet Mask
• Subnet Mask is made by setting network
bits to all "1"s and setting host bits to all
"0"s.
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
• The subnet mask is the classical way of
representing which bits are part of the
network portion of the address vs. the host 255 255 255 0
bits of the address.
i.e. 255.255.255.0
• By default subnet Mask of classes are
predefined.
• Class A = 255.0.0.0;
• Class B=255.255.0.0 and
• Class C=255.255.255.0
Why Use Sub netting?
Here are three reasons why you may want to use subnetting:

• Conservation of IP addresses: Imagine having a network of 20

hosts. Using a Class C network will waste a lot of IP addresses (254-
20=234). Breaking up large networks into smaller parts would be
more efficient and conserve many addresses.
• Reduced network traffic: The smaller networks that created the
smaller broadcast domains are formed, hence less broadcast traffic
on network boundaries.
• Simplification: Breaking large networks into smaller ones could
simplify fault troubleshooting by isolating network problems down
to their specific existence.
Internet Service Provider
• ISP is a company that offers services to us to connect with the internet.
• It is the gateway to internet.
• To access the Internet, we simply call the ISP via the ISP's modem and
the computer will take care of the details necessary to connect to the
Internet, including the cost of the connection.
• Most telephone companies are Internet service providers. They provide
services such as connection to the Internet, domain name registration,
and hosting etc.
Role of ISP
• As a medium that provides services to connect to the
internet.
• Connect customers to the nearest Internet gateway.
• Provides a modem for dial-up.
• Connecting an information service to a user of the World
Wide Web (www).
• Allows a user to use the services of electronic mail (e-mail).
• Allows a user voice conversations via the internet.
• ISP do protection from the spread of the virus by applying
antivirus systems for his customers.
List of ISP in India
• Jio
• Airtel
• Vodafone
• BSNL
• MTNL etc