Set is any well-defined collection of objects.

The
objects comprising the set are called its elements.
The notation a ∈ A is used to denote that a is an
element of set A.
Cardinality of the set – the number of distinct
elements in a set. The symbol n(A) represents the
number of elements of set A. It is read as the
“number of A”.
If A and B are any two sets, the Intersection of A
and B, denoted by A∩B, is the set consisting of all
elements that belong to both A and B. In symbol,

A∩B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B }

This notation is read as “A intersection B is the set

of x such that x is an element of A and x is an
element of B”.
The union of two sets A and B. denoted by A∪B, is
the set of all elements that belong to A or to B.
Symbolically,

AB = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B }

This notation is read as “A union B is the set of x such

that x is an element of A or x is an element of B”.
The relationship among sets can be represented
using a Venn Diagram.

𝑨∩ 𝑩 𝐴∪ 𝐵
Example 1: If R is the set of colors in a
rainbow and F is the set of colors in the
Philippine flag, name the elements of
each set and their cardinality. Find the
union and intersection of these two
sets.
Probability is a measure or estimation of
how likely it is that an event will occur.

the probability of simple event is finding

the probability of a single event
occurring.
In an experiment with outcome that are
likely to happen, he probability of an event,
E, is a ratio that compares the number of
favorable outcomes to the number of
possible outcomes. In symbols,

P(E)=
The notation P(E) is read as “the
probability of an event E” or
simply “the probability of E”
Example 2: A bag has 3 red, 4
yellow, 6 blue, and 7 white
marbles. If a marble is chosen at
random, what is probability that
the chosen is a blue marble?
Other terms associated with probability:

Experiments are activities which have well-defined

results.
Outcomes are possible results of an experiment.
Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of
an experiment.
Event is a subset of the sample space.
The probability of simple events involves
a single event occurring and the
probability of compound events involves
more than one event happening together.
Compound events are usually connected
by the word “and” or “or”.
a) Simple Probability: The probability of
getting a head when tossing a coin.

b) Compound Probability: The probability

of getting a head and an even number
when tossing a coin and die.
Write S if the statement illustrates probability of
simple event and C if it illustrates probability of
compound event.

__1) The probability of rolling a 4 on a standard die.

__2) The probability of choosing a male student for
SSG president.
__3) The probability of rolling an even number or a
multiple of 3 on a die.
__4) The probability of drawing a spade from
a standard deck of cards.
__5) The probability of choosing a male and a
Grade 10 student for SSG President
__6) The probability of drawing a heart and a
red card on a standard deck of cards.
If an event E has n(E) equally likely outcomes and
its sample S has n(S) equally likely outcomes, the
probability of event E, is

P(E)= Number of event E or favorable outcomes

Number of event sample space or possible
outcomes.
Because the number of favorable outcomes in an
event must be less than or equal to the number of
outcomes in the sample space, the probability of any
event E, must be a number between 0 and 1. That is,

Hence, the probability of an impossible event is 0 and

the probability of an event certain to happen is 1.
The union of events A and B, denoted by , is
the set of all outcomes for either A or B.

The intersection of events A and B, denoted

by , is the set of all outcomes shared by A and
B. Let’s have examples:
Example: In an experiment of rolling a
standard die and tossing a coin, let e
denote the event that an even number
is rolled and T denote the event that a
tail turns up. Find the union and
intersection of these events.
Activity Time!
Identify the sample space S, the elements of

1.) A three – child family selected at random

from a set of families with three children. Let
denote the event that exactly one child is a boy
and denote the event that exactly two children
have the same gender.
In an experiment of turning
a spinner as shown at the
right, let denote the event
that the arrow will stop on
an odd number and
denote the event that the
arrow will stop on numbers less than 6
Examples on solving
probability of
compound event
Example 1:
A six-face die which contains number of
dots from 1 to 6 was rolled. Find the
probability of:
A.) Rolling an even number
B.) Rolling a multiples of 3
Example 2:
Two fair dice are rolled. Find the probability that
both dice

turn up the same number or that the sum of the

numbers is less than 7

turn up the same number and that the sum of

the numbers is less than 7.
Example 3:
Three coins are tossed. Find the
probability of getting at least one
head.
Example 4: The Venn diagram shows the
probabilities of Grade 10 students who joined either
Mathematics Club (M) or Science Club (S).

a.) Find the probability of selecting a student who

joined Mathematics or Science Club.

b.) Find the Probability of selecting a student who

joined Mathematics and Science Club.
Example 5: A poll conducted by the school canteen
showed that 45 students liked hamburger (H), 60
students liked egg sandwich (E), 27 liked both
Hamburger and egg sandwich and, 12 liked neither
snacks. What is the probability of selecting a
student who likes hamburger or egg sandwich?

Illustrate the problem using Venn Diagram

Example 6: Out of 250 tourists, 146
visited Korea (K), 108 visited Japan (J),
142 visited Hong Kong (H), 70 visited
Korea and Japan, 71 visited Japan and
Hong Kong, 82 visited Korea and Hong
Kong and 46 visited Korea, Japan, and
Hong Kong.
Quick recap: Concepts of probability

1. The probability of an event (E) is given by the

formula:
Probability of Mutually
Exclusive and Not
Mutually Exclusive Events
PREPARED BY: RHOANNE CLIFF T. SALES
Definition

A Compound Event consists of two or more simple

events that are connected by the words and or or.

Two events are mutually exclusive if both events

cannot occur at the same time. These events have no
common elements. They are also called disjoint
events.
Two events are not mutually
exclusive if both events can
occur at the same time. These
events have common elements.
They are also called inclusive
events.
 Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events
If two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive,
then the probability that either A or B occurs is
the sum of their probabilities.
In Symbols,
Daryll and Ricky decided to play Polynomial
Damath in order to ease their boredom
brought about by the COVID 19, they will use
die to determine who the first move will be.
Both of them will roll the die and whoever gets
the higher number plays first. Ricky rolls the
die and gets a 4. What is the probability that
Daryll gets to play first?
A bag contains 4 Blue marbles, 8
Green marbles, and 6 Red marbles.
Carlo draws one marble at a
random. What is the probability
that the marble is either Red or
Green? Red or Blue? Green or Red?
 Probability of Not Mutually Exclusive Events
or Inclusive Events
For any two events A and B of the same
experiment which are not mutually exclusive
events, the probability of the union of A and B is
A die is rolled. What is
the probability of getting
an even number or a
factor of 6?
If there is a 30% chance of rain on
Saturday, 70% chance of rain on
Sunday, and 21% chance of rain on
Saturday and Sunday, what is the
probability that it will rain on either
Saturday or Sunday?
 Probability of
Independent and
Dependent Events
Two events are Independent
if the occurrence of one of
the events does not affect
the occurrence of the other
event.
Examples:

 Rolling a 6 then a 2 by rolling a fair die

twice.

 Spinning a 5 and a 3 by spinning a

spinner with equal divisions numbered
1-8
 Flipping a tail in tossing a fair coin and
rolling a four in rolling a fair die.

 Drawing a King of hearts and a Queen of

hearts from a standard deck of cards if
replacement of the first card is done.
Two events are dependent
if the occurrence of first
affects the second so the
probability is changed.
Example:
 Drawing a King of Hearts and a
Queen of Hearts from standard
deck of cards if no replacement
of the first card is done.
Let’s Try!
Tell wether the following pairs of events are
independent and dependent event. Write IE
if the two events are independent and write
DE if the events are dependent events.

1.Rolling a five in tossing a die and getting

a tail in tossing a coin.
2. Drawing a face card from standard
deck of cards. Returning it, and
drawing another a numbered card.

3. Flipping a tail in tossing a coin and

getting a six in rolling a die.
4. Drawing two cards from a standard
deck of cards one card after the other.

5. Drawing a black marble and a yellow

marble one at a time from bag of marbles
containing two black marble and four
yellow marble without replacement.
Find the probability of
rolling 1 in a six sided-die
and drawing a lettered card
from a deck of 52 playing
card
CONDITIONAL
PROBABILITY
Conditional Probability is
the probability of an event
occurring given that
another event has already
occurred.
Conditional probabilities are
contingent on a previous result or
event occurring. A conditional
probability would look at such
events in relationship with one
another.
In general, the conditional probability of B
given that A has occurred is
Or, The conditional probability of A given
that B has occurred is
Example #1

given that you drew a red card,

what’s the probability that it’s a
four
Example #2
In a card game, suppose a player needs to draw
two cards of the same suit in order to win. Of the
52 cards, there are 13 cards in each suit. Suppose
first the player draws a heart. Now the player
wishes to draw a second heart. Since one heart
has already been chosen, there are now 12 hearts
remaining in a deck of 51 cards.