Introductory Lecture

By: Sana Fatima

My Introduction
● MS(CS) Software Engineering (SIBA)
● BS(CS) (SIBA)
● Area of Specialization

○ SE, RE, Data Science

Your Turn!
● Name
● Why IBA?
● Why CS?

● What / How would you like to study?

● ( Lectures, Videos, PPTs, Tutorials, Handouts, Books ..etc)

● Expectation from this course?

Introduction to Course
● LMS (please enroll)

Go to elearning.iba-suk.edu.pk
● PowerPoint are for me, you read the book
● Assessment (Theory 100 Marks)

○ 30 marks for mid exam

○ 50 marks for final exam

○ 20 sessional marks(quizzes, presentations, assignments, project, class performance)

● Course Outlines
Course Website:
https://elearning.iba-suk.edu.pk
What is ICT
● Information and communication technologies (ICT) is defined as a diverse
set of technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create,
share or exchange information.
 Computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data,
typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable
program.

-Oxford Dictionary
Text Book:
Deborah Morley, Charles S. Parker,
“Understanding Computers: Today
and Tomorrow, Comprehensive”,
15th/16th Edition
Reference Books

■ Reference Books
❑ Peter Norton, Introduction to Computers, 7th Edition

❑ Williams Sawyer, Using Information Technology: A Practical

Introduction to Computer & Communications , 10th Edition
❑ Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction ,
Sarah, E. Hutchinson. Stacey, C. Swayer.

❑ Fundamentals of Information Technology , Alexis L Mathewsleon Leon

Press.
 Chapter 1:
Introduction to the World of Computers
Overview
■ This chapter covers:

❑ What computers are, how they work, and how they are used

❑ Computer terminology

❑ An overview of the history of computers

❑ The basic types of computers in use today

❑ Describing ICT Systems*

❑ An overview of networks and the Internet

❑ Societal impacts of computers

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Computers in Your Life
■ Why learn about computers?
❑ Primarily by researchers and scientists

❑ Pervasive computing

■ Also known as ubiquitous computing

■ Anytime, anywhere

■ Embedding computational capability into everyday objects

■ Computers have become an integral part of our lives

❑ Basic computer literacy

■ Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill today for
everyone

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Examples:

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Examples:

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Computers in Your Life
■ Before 1980
❑ Computers were large, expensive
❑ Very few people had access to them
❑ Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks
■ Microcomputers in the early 80s
❑ Inexpensive personal computers
❑ Computer use increased dramatically
■ Today
❑ More than 80% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at work
❑ Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities

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Group Activity #1

■ What variety of tasks computers used for?

❑In the Homes?

❑In Education?

❑On the Jobs?

❑On the Go?

❑Smart homes

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Computers in the Home
■ Computers used for a variety of tasks:
❑ Looking up information and news
❑ Exchanging e-mail
❑ Shopping and paying bills
❑ Watching TV and videos
❑ Downloading music and movies
❑ Organizing digital photographs
❑ Playing games
❑ Telecommuting

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Computers in the Home
■ Convergence
❑ The computer has become the central part of home entertainment

■ Wireless networking
❑ Computers can be used in nearly any location
■ Smart appliances
❑ Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology
■ Smart homes
❑ Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house

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Computers in the Home

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
 Computers in Education

❑ Youth today can be called the computing generation

❑ Most students today have access to computers at school
❑ Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum

❑ Colleges and universities are even more integrated

❑ Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops to connect to the
college network
❑ Some colleges require a computer for enrollment

❑ Distance learning
❑ Students participate from locations other than the traditional
classroom setting using computers and Internet access

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers in Education

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers on the Job
■ Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for decision-making,
productivity, and communication
❑ Used by all types of employees

❑ Used for access control and other security measures

❑ Use by service professionals is growing

❑ Used extensively by the military

❑ Employees in all lines of work need to continually refresh their computer skills

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Computers on the Job

Understanding Computers: Today

23
and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers on the Go
■ Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life
❑ Consumer kiosks
❑ ATM transactions
❑ POS systems at retail stores
❑ Self-checkout systems
❑ Portable computers or mobile devices
❑ GPS systems

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Computers on the Go

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What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?
■ Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs
operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed
❑ Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform

■ Basic operations
❑ Input: Entering data into the computer
❑ Processing: Performing operations on the data
❑ Output: Presenting the results
❑ Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
❑ Communications: Sending or receiving data

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What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?

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Data vs. Information
■ Data
❑ Raw, unorganized facts
❑ Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video

■ Information
❑ Data that has been processed into a meaningful form

■ Information processing
❑ Converting data into information

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Computers Then and Now
■ The history of computers is often referred to in terms
of generations
■ Each new generation is characterized by a major
technological development
■ Precomputes and early computers (before 1946)
❑ Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator
❑ Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter

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 Computers Then and Now

Mechanical Calculator

Slide rule

Abacus

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Computers Then and Now

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers Then and Now
■ First-generation computers (1946-1957)
❑ Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
❑ Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat
❑ ENIAC and UNIVAC
■ Second-generation computers (1958-1963)
❑ Used transistors
❑ Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-
efficient, and more reliable
❑ Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store
data

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Computers Then and Now

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers Then and Now
■ Third-generation computers (1964-1970)
❑ Used integrated circuits (ICs)
❑ Keyboards and monitors introduced
■ Fourth-generation computers (1971-present)
❑ Use microprocessors
❑ IBM PC, Apple Macintosh
❑ Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers
❑ Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage
❑ Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced

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Computers Then and Now

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computers Then and Now
■ Fifth-generation (now and the future)
❑ Infancy stage
❑ No precise classification
❑ May be based on artificial intelligence (AI)
❑ Likely use voice and touch input
❑ May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology

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 Group Activity #2

■ List down the followings?

❑Computer Hardware

❑Computer Software

❑Computer Users and Professionals

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Hardware
■ Hardware: The physical parts of a computer
❑ Internal hardware
■ Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer
❑ External hardware
■ Located outside the system unit
■ Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection
❑ There is hardware associated with all five computer operations

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Hardware

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Hardware
■ Input devices
❑ Used to input data into the computer
❑ Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks,
touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
■ Processing devices
❑ Perform calculations and control computer’s operation
❑ Central processing unit (CPU) and memory
■ Output devices
❑ Present results to the user
❑ Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.

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Hardware
■ Storage devices
❑ Used to store data on or access data from storage media
❑ Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc.
■ Communications devices
❑ Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically
access remote information
❑ Modems, network adapters, etc.

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Hardware

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Software
■ Software: The programs or instructions used to tell
the computer hardware what to do
❑ System software: Operating system starts up the computer and
controls its operation
■ Without OS computer cannot function
■ Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s
direction
■ Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons,
menus, buttons, etc.
■ Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.

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Software

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Application Software
❑ Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications
■ Creating letters, budgets, etc.
■ Managing inventory and customer databases
■ Editing photographs
■ Scheduling appointments
■ Viewing Web pages
■ Sending and receiving e-mail
■ Recording / playing CDs/DVDs
■ Designing homes
■ Playing games

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Application Software

Understanding Computers: Today

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and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
Computer Users and Professionals
■ Computer users (end users): People who use a
computer to obtain information
■ Computer professionals include:
❑ Programmers
❑ Systems analysts
❑ Computer operations personnel
❑ Security specialists

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Computers to Fit Every Need
■ Six basic categories of computers:
❑ Embedded computers
❑ Mobile devices
❑ Personal computers
❑ Midrange servers
❑ Mainframe computers
❑ Supercomputers

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Embedded Computer device
■ Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and
designed to perform specific tasks or functions for
that product
■ Cannot be used as general-purpose
computers
■ Often embedded into:
❑ Household appliances
❑ Thermostats
❑ Sewing machines
❑ A/V equipment
❑ Cars

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Mobile Devices

■ Mobile device: A very small device with

some type of built-in computing or
Internet capability
■ Typically based on mobile phones
■ Typically have small screens and
keyboards
■ Examples:
❑ Smartphones
❑ Handheld gaming devices
❑ Portable digital media players

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Personal Computers (PCs)
■ Personal computer: A small computer designed to be
used by one person at a time
❑ Also called a microcomputer
❑ Range in size from desktop computers to UMPC’s

■ Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk

❑ Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one
❑ Can be PC-
compatible or
Macintosh
❑ Not designed to be
portable

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Portable Computers
■ Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell
design
■ Tablet computers: Can
be slate tablets or
convertible tablets
■ Netbooks: Small
notebooks; rapidly
growing type of PC
■ Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs):
Handheld computers

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Thin Clients and Internet Appliances
■ Thin client or network computer (NC): Device
designed to access a network for processing and
data storage
❑ Lower cost, increased security and easier maintenance
❑ Limited or no local storage
❑ Not able to function as a computer if network is down
■ Internet appliance: Specialized network computer
designed for Internet access and/or e-mail exchange
❑ Often set-top boxes
❑ Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles

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Set Top Boxes:

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How Set Top Box Works?

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Thin Clients and Internet Appliances

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Midrange Servers
■ Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to
host programs and data for a small network
❑ Users connect via a network with a
computer, thin client, or dumb terminal
❑ May consist of a collection
of individual circuit boards
called blades
❑ Virtualization: Creating
virtual environments (often
used to share a server for
increased efficiency)

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Mainframe Computers
■ Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by
several large organizations to manage large amounts
of centralized data
❑ Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities,
large businesses, banks, government offices
❑ Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the
rest of the company computers via a network
❑ Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange
servers
❑ Usually operate 24 hours a day
❑ Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers

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Mainframe Computers

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Supercomputers

■ Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most

powerful type of computer
❑ Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible
❑ Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers,
supercomputing cluster
❑ Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather
forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites,
decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.

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Supercomputers

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 Computers and Society
• The vast improvements in technology over the past decade
have had a distinct impact on daily life, at home and at work
• Many benefits of a computer-oriented society
– Ability to design products before construction leads to
safer products
– Earlier medical diagnoses and more effective treatment
– Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments
– Download information, music, programs, movies, and
more on demand
 Computers and Society
• Computer-oriented society also has risks
– Stress and health concerns
– Spam
– Computer viruses and malware
– Identity theft and phishing
– Privacy issues
• How data is collected
• How secure is the collected data
 Computers and Society
• Differences in online communications
– Less formal than traditional
– Netiquette
• Be polite and considerate of others
• Refrain from offensive remarks
– Abbreviations (acronyms) and emoticons
• Acronyms, such as BTW (by the way)
• Illustrations of faces, such as 
Computers and Society

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 Computers and Society
• The Anonymity Factor
– Gives many individuals a sense of freedom
– Can also be abused
• Information Integrity
– Use common sense when evaluating online content
– Check your source--not all information on the Internet is
accurate