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Signals and Classification - PRP

This document discusses signals and systems. It defines a signal as a set of information over time that contains data about some phenomenon. Systems process input signals to produce output signals. Common signal models include unit step functions, unit impulse functions, and unit ramp functions. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, deterministic or stochastic, periodic or aperiodic, even or odd, and energy or power signals. The document provides examples and properties of different signal types.

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12 views

Signals and Classification - PRP

This document discusses signals and systems. It defines a signal as a set of information over time that contains data about some phenomenon. Systems process input signals to produce output signals. Common signal models include unit step functions, unit impulse functions, and unit ramp functions. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, deterministic or stochastic, periodic or aperiodic, even or odd, and energy or power signals. The document provides examples and properties of different signal types.

Uploaded by

ec academic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGNALS AND

SYSTEM

1
Topics
➢ Introduction

➢ Classification
of Signals
➢ Some Useful Signal Operations

➢ Some useful signal models

2
Introduction

● The concepts of signals and systems


arise in a wide variety of areas:
● communications,

● circuit design,

● biomedical engineering,

● power systems,

● speech processing,

● etc.
3
What is a Signal?

SIGNAL
● A set of information or data.
● Function of one or more
independent variables.
● Contains information about the
behavior or nature of some
phenomenon.
4
Examples of Signals
● BRAIN WAVE

5
Examples of Signals
● Stock Market data as signal (time series)

6
What is a System?
SYSTEM
● Signalsmay be processed further
by systems, which may modify
them or extract additional from
them.
●A system is an entity that
processes a set of signals (inputs)
to yield another set of signals
(outputs). 7
What is a System? (2)
●A system may be made up of
physical components, as in electrical
or mechanical systems (hardware
realization).
● A system may be an algorithm that

computes an outputs from


an inputs signal (software
realization). 8
Examples of signals and systems
● Voltage (x1) and current (x2) as functions of
time in an electrical circuit are examples of
signals.
● A circuit is itself an example of a system (T),
which responds to applied voltages and
currents.

9
Some Useful Signal
Models

10
Signal Models: Unit Step Function
● Continuous-Time unit step function, u(t):

● u(t) is used to start a f(t) at t=0


signal,
 f(t) has a value of ZERO for t <0
11
Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
●A possible approximation
to a unit impulse: An
overall area that has been
maintained at unity.

Graphically, it is
● Multiplication of
represented by an arrow
"pointing to infinity" at
function
a by an Impulse?
t=0 with its length equal ● b(t) = 0; for all t0
to its area.
is an impulse function 12

which the area is b.


Signal Models: Unit Impulse Function
(3)
● May use functions other than a rectangular
pulse. Here are three example functions:
● Note that the area under the pulse function
must be unity.

13
Signal Models: Unit Ramp Function
● Unit ramp function is defined by:
● r(t) = tu(t)
● Where can it be used?

14
Signals Classification

● Signals may be classified into:


● 1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
● 2. Deterministic and Stochastic Signal
● 3. Periodic and Aperiodic signals
● 4. Even and Odd signals
● 5. Energy and Power signals

15
Continuous v/S Discrete Signals

● Continuous-time
A signal that is
specified for every
value of time t.

● Discrete-time
A signal that is
specified only at
discrete
values of time 16

t.
Deterministic v/s Stochastic
Signal
● Signals that can be written in any
mathematical expression are called
deterministic signal.
● (sine,cosine..etc)

● Signals that cann’t be written in mathematical


expression are called stochastic signals.
● (impulse,noise..etc)

17
Periodic v/s Aperiodic Signals
● Signals that repeat itself at a proper interval of
time are called periodic signals.
● Continuous-time signals are said to be
periodic.
● Signals that will never repeat themselves,and get
over in limited time are called aperiodic or non-
periodic signals.

18
Even v/s Odd Signals

19
Even v/s Odd Signals
●A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even
signal if
● CT:
● DT:

●A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd


signal if
● CT:
● DT:
20
Even and Odd Functions: Properties
● Property:

● Area:
● Even signal:

● Odd signal:
21
Energy v/s Power Signals
● Signal with finite energy (zero power)

● Signal with finite power (infinite energy)

● Signals that satisfy neither property are referred as


neither energy nor power signals
22

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