Muscular System

Ms. Marie Vonne Olivar-Venus

 Functions of muscle
 Heat generation
 Production of movement
 Maintenance of posture
 Joint stability
 Types of Muscle Tissues
 1. skeletal muscle
 2. smooth muscle
 3. cardiac muscle
 Skeletal Muscle
 Accounts of atleast 40% of body mass
 Aids in the formation of smooth
contour of the body
 Parts :
 1. epimysium
 2. perimysium
 3. endomysium
 SKELETAL
 Control : voluntary

 Striations: ( + )

 Number of nucleus: multinucleated

 Shape: cylindrical

 Speed of contraction: variable

 Epimysium
 Tough connective tissue

 Binds many fascicles together

 Tendon/aponeurosis – blending of
epimysia
 Perimysium
 Fibrous membrane several sheathed
muscle fiber

 Fascicle – bundle of muscle fiber

covered by perimysium
 Endomysium
 Connective tissue sheath enclosing
individual muscle fiber
 Smooth muscle
 Control: involuntary

 Striations: ( - )

 Number of nucleus: uni-nucleated

 Shape: spindle

 Speed of contraction: slow and sustained

 Sites:
 1. stomach
 2. urinary bladder
 3. tracheobronchial tree
 4. blood vessels
 Cardiac muscle
 Control: involuntary

 Striations: ( + )

 Number of nucleus: multinucleated

 Shaped: branched

 Speed of contraction: variable

 Similarities of All Muscle
Types:

 1. all muscles are elongated ( explains

the term muscle fibers )
 2. muscle contraction depends on the
types of myofilaments
 ( thick and thin )
 3. terminology ( myo, mys, and sarco )
 Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
 1. sarcolemma
 2. myofibrils
 3. myofilaments
 4. sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Sarcolemma

 Plasma membrane of skeletal muscles

 Myofibrils

 Long organelles pushing the nuclei

aside
 Alternating dark A and light I bands
along the length of the myofibrils give
the muscle cell a striated appearance
 Sarcomere

 Chains of contractile units of myofibrils

 Myofilaments

 Types:
 1. thick filaments
 2. thin filaments
 Thick filaments
 A band

 Composed of myosin protein,

extending the entire length of the A
band

 Contains ATPase that split ATP to

generate power for muscle contraction
 Thin filaments

 I band

 Composed of actin protein anchored

the Z line
 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

 Surrounds individual myofibrils

 Major function:
› Storage and release of Ca during muscle
contraction
 Muscle Physiology

 A. Stimulation and Contraction of a

single skeletal muscle cell

 B. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as

a Whole
 Stimulation and contraction of
a single Skeletal Muscle Cell

 Functional Properties of Muscle Fibers:

 1. irritability – ability to receive and
respond to stimulus

 2. contractility – ability to shorten

when activated by adequate stimulus
 Motor Unit
 Consists of one motor neuron in the
anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
and all the skeletal muscle fibers it
stimulate
 Action Potential

 Nerve impulses that stimulate skeletal

muscle fiber to contract
 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction:
The Sliding Filament Theory

 Stimulus – activation of motor neuron –

release of Ach from the axon terminals into
the ECF – diffusion of Ach across the synaptic
cleft – attachment of Ach into the receptors
of the sarcolemma - ↑ permeability of the muscle
fiber to Na – diffusion of Na ions from the ECF into
the muscle fibers - ↑ positivity of the muscle fiber –
action potential ( MUAP) – MUAP travels over the
entire surface of the sarcolemma – opening of
calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum -
 flooding of Ca ions into the sarcoplasm –
binding of Ca ions to the troponin of thin
filaments – exposure of myosin binding sites of
thin filaments – attachment of the cross bridges
of thick filaments into the myosin binding sites
of thin filaments – thick filaments pulls thin
filaments toward the center of the sarcomere
using ATP – muscle contraction – closure of
calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
– troponin myosin complex slides back into the
position where it blocks the myosin-binding sites
of actin – muscle relaxation
 Contraction of a Skeletal
Muscle as a Whole
 Graded Responses
› Governed by all or none response
› All or None Response – muscle cell will
contract to its fullest extent when
adequately stimulated
› - applies to the muscle cell, not to the
whole muscle
› - muscle cell never partially contracts
 Muscle in Groups
 I. Head and Neck

 1. Facial muscle
 2. Extra-occular muscle
 Facial Muscle
 Muscle of facial expression
 Muscle of mastication
 Supplied by cranial nerve VII ( Facial
nerve )
 A. buccinator
 B. zygomaticus major
 C. orbicularis oris
 D. orbicularis occuli
 E. depressor labii oris
 Buccinator
 Blowing of horns
 Zygomaticus major

 Draws the angle of the lips upward and

laterally

 “ smiling muscle “
 Orbicularis oris

 Closes the mouth

 Orbicularis occuli

 Closes the eyelid

 2 types of Muscle
 1. Branchiomeric muscle – arise from
branchial arches 1,2,3,4

 2. Myotomic muscle – supplied by

spinal nerve
 Muscle of Mastication
 Arise from 1st branchial arch
 Supplied by mandibular nerve of CN V
 ( Trigeminal nerve )

 A. medial pterygoid
 B. masseter
 C. temporalis- elevators of the jaw, closes
the mouth
 D. lateral pterygoid – depressor of the
mouth, opens the mouth
 Extraoccular Muscle
 4 recti and 2 oblique muscles

 Levator palpebrae superioris – not

associated
 - antagonist
 - elevation of the eye
 Tongue muscle – supplied by CN XII
 ( Hypoglossal nerve )

 a. Extrinsic group – responsible for
the movement of the tongue

 b. Intrinsic group – changing shape

form of the tongue
 Ear muscle
 a. stapedius – damping vibration of
ossicles & tympanic membrane
 b. Tensor tympani
 Stapedius

 supplied by CN VII ( Facial Nerve )

 Tensor tympani
 Mandibular nerve branch of CN V
 ( Trigeminal Nerve )
 Arise from 1st branchial arch
 Muscle of the Neck
 1. Parietal muscle of the neck

 2. Visceral muscle of the neck

 Parietal muscle of the Neck
 A. superficial fascia of the neck -
platysma
 B. lateral cervical muscle
 C. anterior cervical muscle
 D. anterior vertebral muscle
 E. lateral vertebral muscle
 Superficial muscle of the
Neck

 Platysma ( CN VII )
 Two Lateral Cervical Muscle
 1. Sternocleidomastoid
 - erects head contracting on
both sides

 2. Trapezius
 - elevates shoulder joints
 Anterior Cervical Muscle
 1. suprahyoid – elevators of the hyoid
bone
 a. digastric – supplied by
mandibular nerve
 ( CN V )
 b. Mylohyoid
 c. Stylohyoid – supplied by CN VII
 d. Geniohyoid
 2. Infrahyoid – depressors of the jaw
 a. sternothyroid
 b. sternohyoid – branches of Ansa
cervicalis
 c. omohyoid
 d. thyrohyoid
 Anterior Vertebral Muscle
 Front anterior surface of cervical
vertebrae
 1. longus colli
 2. longus cervicis
 3. rectus capitis lateralis
 4. rectus capitis anterior
 Lateral vertebral Muscle
 Scalene group
 1. anterior
 2. medius
 3. posterior
 Visceral Muscle
 1. Pharyngeal
 2. Laryngeal
 Pharyngeal muscle
 1. Intrinsic – constrictor muscle of the
pharynx
 a. superior
 b. middle – supplied by CN X ( vagus
nerve )
 c. inferior

 2. Extrinsic
 a. stylopharyngeus – only skeletal muscle
supplied by CN IX ( glossopharyngeal nerve )
 b. Palatopharyngeus – supplied by
pharyngeal plexus

 Pharyngeal constrictor – propell muscle

down to pharynx
 Laryngeal Muscle
 1. Intrinsic laryngeal muscle
 2. Extrinsic of Larynx
 Intrinsic laryngeal Muscle
 Muscle of phonation
 a. cricothyroid – tenses vocal cord, high pitch
voice
 b. thyroarytenoid relaxes vocal cord
 c. lateral cricoarytenoid – constrict and closes
glottis
 d. arytenoid – responsible for closing & opening
of glottis
 1. transverse arytenoid
 2. oblique arytenoid
 e. posterior cricoarytenoid – abductor of vocal
cords
 Extrinsic of Larynx
 1. infrahyoid
 2. sternothyroid
 3. thyrohyoid
 4. omohyoid
 Muscle of the Thorax
 1. Intrinsic muscle
 2. Extrinsic muscle
 Intrinsic muscle
 Concerned with the movement of the
thorax
 Muscle of respiration
 Thoracic muscle
 1. intercostal
 2. serratus posterior
 3. diaphragm
 Intercostal
 1. subcostalis
 2. external
 3. internal
 4. innermost
 Serratus Posterior
 Posterior part of thorax
 1. superior
 2. inferior
 Diaphragm
 Accessory respiratory muscle
 Most important muscle of respiration
 Between thorax and abdomen
 Supplied by phrenic nerve branches of c3
c4 & c5
 1. intercostal – from anterior rami of
thoracic spinal nerve
 2. serratus posterior

 -supplied by intercostal nerve
 Extrinsic Muscle of
Respiration
 Inserted at the ribs of thoracic cage
 Accessory muscle of respiration
 1. sternocleidomastoid
 2. scalene
 3. quadratus lumborum
 Abdominal Muscles
 I. Anterior Lateral abdominal
 1. external oblique
 2. internal oblique
 3. transversus
 4. pyramidalis
 5. rectus abdominis
 External oblique

 Striation downward & medially

 Internal oblique

 Striation upward & medially

 Transversus

 transverse
 Pyramidalis

 Occasionally present sometimes absent

 Rectus abdominis
 Supplied by lower T7-T12
 Most important function:
 1. ↑ intraabdominal pressure
 2. defecate
 3. micturate / urinate
 4. parturition
 5. coughing
 Disadvantage: ↑ intraabdominal pressure
 HERNIA
 Muscle of Perineum
 Supplied by perineal branches of
pudendal nerve
 1. ischiocavernosus
 2. superficial & Deep transverse
perineal muscle
 3. external anal sphincter
 4. bulbocavernosus
 5. sphincter of membranous urethra
 Ischiocavernosus
 Compressing crura of penis
 Erection
 Superficial & Deep
Transverse perineal Muscle
 Stability of perineum
 Insertion: central tendon
 External Anal Sphincter
 Opening of anal orifice
 No untimely of descent fecal matter
 Bulbocavernosus
 Compresses the last drop of semen
and urine
 Compress bulb of vestibule
 Erection of clitoris
 Sphincter of vagina
 Sphincter of Membranous
Urethra
 External sphincter urethra
 Muscle of the Upper &
Lower Extremities
 Attaching extremities to trunk

 1. latissimus dorsi
 2. rhomboid
 3. trapezius
 4. pectoralis major & minor
 5. levator scapula
 Subclavius – muscle attaching to
clavicle

 Muscle attaching to the upper

extremities:
 1. shoulder
 2. arm
 3. forearm
 4. hand
 Shoulder
 1. deltoid
 2. pectoral
 a. pectoralis major
 b. pectoralis minor
 3. scapula
 a. supraspinatus
 b. infraspinatus
 c. subscapularis
 Arm
 1. teres major
 2. teres minor
 Rotator cuff of Shoulder
Joint
 1. supraspinatus – supplied by
subscapular nerve
 2. infraspinatus
 3. teres minor – supplied by axillary
nerve
 4. subscapularis – supplied by
subscapular nerve
 Muscle in Deltoid Region

 1. Deltoid muscle – main abductor of

shoulder joint
 - supplied by axillary nerve
 Muscle of the Arm

 1. anterior arm muscle

 2. posterior arm muscle
 Phosphocreatine System
 Chemical fuel: Phosphocreatine
 O2 requirement: (-)
 Site of ATP synthesis: Sarcoplasm
 Maximal capacity: Small ( 0.7 mol ATP )
 Maximal Power: Great ( 3.7 mol ATP/
min )
 Activity: Short intense activity
 Major source of energy: First 30
seconds of activity
 Glycolytic System
 Glycogen ( glucose )
 (-)
 Sarcoplasm
 Intermediate ( 1.2 mol ATP/ min )
 Intermediate ( 1.6 mol ATP/ min )
 Short moderate activity
 30-90 seconds of activity
 Aerobic system
 Fats & proteins
 (+)
 Mitochondria
 Great ( 90 mol ATP )
 Small ( 1.0 mol ATP/ min )
 Long light activity ( rest )
 > 90 seconds of activity
 Contraction of a Skeletal
Muscle as a Whole
 Graded Responses
 Governed by “ All or None Response “
 - a muscle cell will contract to its
fullest extent when adequately
stimulated
 - applies to the muscle cell
 - muscle cell never partially contracts
 Study
Hard
and Good
Luck!