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Chapter Three PartOne

The document discusses the origins and development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes how AES was selected through a competition held by NIST to find an algorithm to replace DES. Rijndael, designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, was chosen as the winner in 2000. The summary explains the overall structure and rounds of the AES algorithm, including the sub-processes of SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey.

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12 views

Chapter Three PartOne

The document discusses the origins and development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes how AES was selected through a competition held by NIST to find an algorithm to replace DES. Rijndael, designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, was chosen as the winner in 2000. The summary explains the overall structure and rounds of the AES algorithm, including the sub-processes of SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey.

Uploaded by

shifaratesfaye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advance Encryption Standard

Origins
 A replacement for DES was needed
 Key size is too small

 Can use Triple-DES – but slow, small block

 US NIST issued call for ciphers in 1997

 15 candidates accepted in Jun 98

 5 were shortlisted in Aug 99


AES Competition Requirements
 Private key symmetric block cipher

 128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit keys

 Stronger & faster than Triple-DES

 Provide full specification & design details

 Both C & Java implementations


AES Evaluation Criteria
 initial criteria:
 security – effort for practical cryptanalysis
 cost – in terms of computational efficiency
 algorithm & implementation characteristics

 final criteria
 general security
 ease of software & hardware implementation
 implementation attacks
 flexibility (in en/decrypt, keying, other factors)
AES Shortlist
 After testing and evaluation, shortlist in Aug-99
 MARS (IBM) - complex, fast, high security margin
 RC6 (USA) - v. simple, v. fast, low security margin
 Rijndael (Belgium) - clean, fast, good security margin
 Serpent (Euro) - slow, clean, v. high security margin
 Twofish (USA) - complex, v. fast, high security margin

 Found contrast between algorithms with


 few complex rounds versus many simple rounds
 Refined versions of existing ciphers versus new proposals

Rijndae: pronounce “Rain-Dahl”


The AES Cipher - Rijndael
 Rijndael was selected as the AES in Oct-2000
 Designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen in Belgium
 Issued as FIPS PUB 197 standard in Nov-2001

 An iterative rather than Feistel cipher


 processes data as block of 4 columns of 4 bytes (128 bits) V. Rijmen
 operates on entire data block in every round

 Rijndael design:
 simplicity
 has 128/192/256 bit keys, 128 bits data
 resistant against known attacks
 J. Daemen
speed and code compactness on many CPUs
AES Conceptual Scheme

Plaintext (128 bits)

AES Key (128-256 bits)

Ciphertext (128 bits)

7
Multiple rounds
 Rounds are (almost) identical
 First and last round are a little different

8
High Level Description

No MixColumns
Overall Structure
128-bit values

 Data block viewed as 4-by-4 table of bytes


 Represented as 4 by 4 matrix of 8-bit bytes.
 Key is expanded to array of 32 bits words

1 byte

11
Data Unit
Unit Transformation
Changing Plaintext to State
Details of Each Round
SubBytes: Byte Substitution
 A simple substitution of each byte
 provide a confusion

 Uses one S-box of 16x16 bytes containing a permutation of all 256 8-bit
values

 Each byte of state is replaced by byte indexed by row (left 4-bits) & column
(right 4-bits)
 eg. byte {95} is replaced by byte in row 9 column 5
 which has value {2A}

 S-box constructed using defined transformation of values in Galois Field-


GF(28)

Galois : pronounce “Gal-Wa”


SubBytes and InvSubBytes
SubBytes Operation
 The SubBytes operation involves 16 independent byte-to-byte
transformations. • Interpret the byte as two
hexadecimal digits xy
S1,1 = xy16 • SW implementation, use row (x) and
column (y) as lookup pointer

x’y’16
SubBytes Table
 Implement by Table Lookup
InvSubBytes Table
Sample SubByte Transformation

 The SubBytes and InvSubBytes transformations are


inverses of each other.
ShiftRows

 Shifting, which permutes the bytes.


 A circular byte shift in each each
 1st row is unchanged
 2nd row does 1 byte circular shift to left
 3rd row does 2 byte circular shift to left
 4th row does 3 byte circular shift to left
 In the encryption, the transformation is called
ShiftRows
 In the decryption, the transformation is called
InvShiftRows and the shifting is to the right
ShiftRows Scheme
ShiftRows and InvShiftRows
MixColumns
 ShiftRows and MixColumns provide diffusion to the
cipher
 Each column is processed separately
 Each byte is replaced by a value dependent on all 4 bytes
in the column
 Effectively a matrix multiplication in GF(28) using prime
poly m(x) =x8+x4+x3+x+1
MixClumns Scheme

The MixColumns transformation operates at the column level; it


transforms each column of the state to a new column.
Mix Columns Example

27
MixColumn and InvMixColumn
AddRoundKey
 XOR state with 128-bits of the round key

 AddRoundKey proceeds one column at a time.


 adds a round key word with each state column matrix
 the operation is matrix addition

 Inverse for decryption identical


 since XOR own inverse, with reversed keys

 Designed to be as simple as possible


AddRoundKey Scheme
AES Round
AES Key Scheduling
 takes 128-bits (16-bytes) key and expands into array of 44
32-bit words
Key Expansion Scheme
Key Expansion submodule
 RotWord performs a one byte circular left shift on a word For
example:

RotWord[b0,b1,b2,b3] = [b1,b2,b3,b0]

 SubWord performs a byte substitution on each byte of input


word using the S-box

 SubWord(RotWord(temp)) is XORed with RCon[j] – the


round constant
Round Constant (RCon)
 RCON is a word in which the three rightmost bytes are zero
 It is different for each round and defined as:
RCon[j] = (RCon[j],0,0,0)
where RCon[1] =1 , RCon[j] = 2 * RCon[j-1]
 Multiplication is defined over GF(2^8) but can be implement in Table
Lookup
Key Expansion Example (1st Round)
• Example of expansion of a 128-bit cipher key
Cipher key = 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c
w0=2b7e1516 w1=28aed2a6 w2=abf71588 w3=09cf4f3c
AES Security
 AES was designed after DES.
 Most of the known attacks on DES were already tested on
AES.
 Brute-Force Attack
 AES is definitely more secure than DES due to the larger-size key.
 Statistical Attacks
 Numerous tests have failed to do statistical analysis of the ciphertext
 Differential and Linear Attacks
 There are no differential and linear attacks on AES as yet.
Implementation Aspects
 The algorithms used in AES are so simple that they
can be easily implemented using cheap processors and
a minimum amount of memory.

 Very efficient

 Implementation was a key factor in its selection as the


AES cipher

 AES animation:
 http://www.cs.bc.edu/~straubin/cs381-05/blockciphers/rijndael_ingles2004.swf

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