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BMS 201 Programming Methodology 2021

The document discusses the steps in the program development process including generating objectives, designing algorithms, coding, testing and debugging. It also covers flowchart development, the types of flowcharts, common flowchart symbols and guidelines for drawing flowcharts. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write algorithms and represent them as flowcharts.

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Brian Mutua
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

BMS 201 Programming Methodology 2021

The document discusses the steps in the program development process including generating objectives, designing algorithms, coding, testing and debugging. It also covers flowchart development, the types of flowcharts, common flowchart symbols and guidelines for drawing flowcharts. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write algorithms and represent them as flowcharts.

Uploaded by

Brian Mutua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BMS 201

Computer
programming
STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
 Generate program objectives/Problem Defn
 Design program / Algorithm Development
 Write the program Code/Coding
 Compile the code
 Execute or run the program
 Test and debug the program
 Maintenance and modification
 Documentation of Software
FLOWCHART DEVELOPMENT
 Flowcharts are Pictorial representation of the program
logic
 They help analyze the problem in more effective way.
 Program flowcharts serve as a good program

documentation.
 Act as a guide during the systems analysis and program

development phase.
 The flowchart helps in debugging process.
 Provides means of communication with others about

the program
TYPES OF FLOW CHARTS

 Document flowcharts: showing a document


flow through a system
 Data flowcharts: showing data flows in a

system
 System flowcharts: showing controls at a

physical or resource level


 Program flowchart: showing the controls in a

program within a system


FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

 Start/ Stop Symbol: this is depicted


using an elliptical or a rectangle with
rounded corners symbol. Shows the
beginning and end of the flowchart
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Process / Computational Symbol:
This is represented using a
rectangular symbol; and the type of
the process or computation is written
inside the symbol
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Input / Output Symbol: This is
depicted by a parallelogram-like
symbol as shown below. Captures
input and output into the flowchart
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Decision Symbol: A decision –
making point is represented using a
diamond symbol. Used for making
selection or taking alternatives in
decision making
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Connector Symbol: This is
represented with a circular symbol, in
which two parts of a program
flowchart join or connect.
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Flow line: This is depicted by using
a straight line with an arrow at the
end. It shows the direction of flow in
a program.
 Diagram
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
 Off – Page Connector: This symbol
enables a programmer to connect to a
flowchart that is continued into a
second or another page, and is shown
using a trapezium
 Diagram
GUIDELINES FOR DRAWING A
FLOWCHART
 In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary
requirements should be listed out in logical
order.
 The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to

follow. There should not be any room for


ambiguity in understanding the flowchart.
 The usual direction of the flow of a procedure

or system is from left to right or top to bottom.


GUIDELINES FOR DRAWING A FLOWCHART

 Only one flow line should come out from a


process symbol
 Only one flow line should enter a decision

symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for


each possible answer, should leave the
decision symbol.
 Only one flow line is used in conjunction with

terminal symbol.
1. Start
2. Product = 1
3. Count = 0
4. Input number Num
5. Sum = Sum + Num
6. Count = Count + 1
7. If Count < 35 then
8. Go to step 4
9. Else
10. Print Sum
11. End if
12. End
GUIDELINES FOR DRAWING A FLOWCHART

 Write within standard symbols briefly.


 For complex flowchart use connector symbols to

reduce the number of flow lines.


 Avoid the intersection of flow lines
 Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and end.
 It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by

passing through it with a simple test data. Dry Running


FLOWCHARTING EXAMPLES

 Example 1
 Write an algorithm that can be used in calculating and

outputting the sum of the first 35 natural numbers


 Convert the algorithm mentioned in (a) above into a

flowchart
 Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers

A, B and C.
1. Start
2. Sum = 0
3. Count = 0
4. Input number Num
5. Sum = Sum + Num
6. Count = Count + 1
7. If Count < 3 then
8. Go to step 4
9. Else
10. Print sum
11. End if
12. End
LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

 Complex logic: The program logic can be


quite complicated making the flowchart
complex and clumsy.
 Modifications: if alterations are required the

flowchart may require re-drawing completely.


 Reliability: the essentials of what is done can

easily be lost in the technical details of how it


is done.
Flowchart Exercises
 As a programmer, you are told to write a program for
computing the sum of the first 20 positive integers. The
program is supposed to output the sum after computing
 Write an algorithm for performing the above task
 Rewrite the above algorithm using the flowchart

method
ALGORITHM
1. Start
2. Num = 0
3. Sum = 0
4. Sum = sum + num
5. Num = num + 1
6. If num <= 20 then
7. Go to step 4
8. Else
9. Print sum
10. Stop
Flow Chart Exercises
 A supermarket is planning to give discounts to its
customers based on the total costs of purchases made by
the customer. Discounts are given as follows:
 Total sales exceeding 5000/=, discount is 8%
 Sales greater than 3000/= and less than 5000/=, discount
is 5%
 Sales greater than or equal to 1500/= and less than
3000/=, discount is 2%
 Sales less than 1500/=, no discount
 Required: Develop an algorithm and draw up a flowchart
for a program that can be used to control this process
ALGORITHM
1. Begin
2. Get Totsale (Total Sales)
3. If Totsale > 5000 then
4. Discount = 8% * Totsale
5. Elseif Totsale >=3000 and Totsale < 5000 then
6. Discount = 5% * Totsale
7. Elseif Totsale >=1500 and Totsale < 3000 then
8. Discount = 2% *Totsale
9. Else
10. Discount =0
11. Print Totsales
12. Print Discount
13. End

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