Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus

SC bus voltage and current vectors

• For balanced fault, we have considered n-dimensional Vbus
and Ibus V1   I 1 
V  I 
 1   1 
• For unsymmetrical faulted (loaded) case each bus voltage V01   I 01 
and current has to be decomposed into three symmetrical   Vs1     I s1 
 .     .   
components  .   .   .   . 
   .     . 
• Thus, n-bus system is represented by 3n voltage and current V i     I i   
Vs ,bus     Vsi  I s ,bus      I si 
phasor i.e., we will have 3n dimensional SC bus voltage and V I
 i   .   i   . 
current vectors  V0i     I 0i   
• In matrix form, the short SC model of the unbalanced n-bus    .     . 
 .  Vsn   .   I sn 
system can be written as  In 
V n 
Vs,bus =Zs,bus Is,bus    
 In 
V n   I 0 n 
• The ith equation can be written as V0 n 
Vsi =Zsi1Is1  Zsi2 Is2  ....Zsii Isi  ....  Zsin Isn
NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction
 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
SC bus voltage and current vectors  I 1 
V1  I 
V   1 
Vs,bus =Zs,bus Is,bus  1   I 01 
V01     I s1 
  Vs1   .   
Vsi =Zsi1Is1  Zsi2 Is2  ....Zsii Isi  ....  Zsin Isn  .     .   . 
 .   .     . 
   .  I   
V i    I s ,bus    i    I si 
Vs ,bus     Vsi  I
V i  i   . 
   .   I 0i   
 V0i       . 
   .   .   I sn 
 .  Vsn   In 
V n   
   In 
V n   I 0 n 
V0 n 

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction

 Asymmetrical f
The fault matrices Z and Y
Fault
f
analysis by Z bus
s s
• The simple fault impedance Zf used in balanced fault
analysis becomes three dimensional vector equation
• Let us consider a general unbalanced fault shown in the
figure
• By considering suitable values for phases and grounding
impedances Za, Zb and Zc and Zg any fault cases may be
obtained
• For single line to ground fault at a phase,
Za = Zg =0 and Zb = Zc =∞
• For double line to ground fault
Zb = Zc = Zg =0 Zg =0 and Za = ∞
From the figuref
we
f
can write
f f
the fequations
Vaq =Iaq Za +(Iaq +I bq +Icq )Zg
Vbqf =Ifbq Zb +(Iaq
f
+Ifbq +Ifcq )Zg
Vcqf =Icq
f f
Zc +(Iaq +Ifbq +Icq
f
)Zg NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction
 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
The fault matrices Zsf and Ysf
• In vector form
 Vaqf   Za +Zg Zg Zg   Iaq f

 f    
 Vbq  =  Zg Zb +Zg Zg   Ifbq 
 Vcqf   Zg Zg Zc +Zg   Icq
f 
   
• The fault impedance matrix can be written as

 Za +Zg Zg Zg 
 
Zf =  Zg Zb +Zg Zg 
 Zg Zg Zc +Zg 

• The above voltage equation can be written in compact
form as f f f
Vpq =Z I pq
• The fault impedance matrix presented in phase
quantities, we need to transform them in sequence
quantities for unbalanced fault analysis NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction
 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
The fault matrices Zsf and Ysf
• Using symmetrical component transformation matrix T 1 1 1 1 a a2 
1 
T= a 2 a 1 T -1 = 1 a 2 a
f f 3
V =TV
pq sq Ifpq =TIsq
f  a a2 1 1 1
 1 

• We can write
f f f • Performing triple multiplication we can write
TV =Z TI
sq sq

• Premultiplying by T-1

Vsqf =T -1Zf TIsq

f

Vsqf =T -1Zf TIsq

f
 Zsf Isq
f

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction

 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
The fault matrices Zsf and Ys
f

• When some of the phase impedances take infinite

values ,some elementsZsfof the matrix become
undefined

• In that case we use inverse of the sequence fault

impedance matrix
Vsqf =Zsf Isq
f

or
f
Isq =(Zsf )-1Vsqf =Ysf Vsqf

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction

 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
Short circuit formula
V10 
• Now we have to find the short circuit current and f
  • The fault current vector Is,bus . The
voltages at the fault point as well as in the system 0 fault current is only injected at bus
0
 0 q of the system
• The prefault bus voltages consists only positive sequence V2   0 
components, thus,    
0 0
0  
Vs0,bus    . 
• The post-fault bus voltages  .    where  f 
I +q
f
Vs,bus 0
=Vs,bus f
+Zs,bus Is,bus  .  If   .   f 
  s,bus  I f  I f
sq   I-q 
 .   sq
  f 
Vn 
0
 .  I
 0q 
• These equations are similar as we have seen in balanced    
fault cases, here the dimensionality are different than 0  . 
   0 
earlier 0

• Here, qth component represents three group at bus q

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction
 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
Short circuit formula
• We know that
V f
s,bus =V0
s,bus +Z I f
s,bus s,bus
Vsqf =Z sf Isq
f

0 • We can write
• In the above equation we know Vs,bus and Zs,bus .
Zsf Isq
f
=Vsq0 -Zsqq Isq
f
f
• Isq need to be found out in the following ways
• In this three dimensional vector
f
equation everything is known except Isq
• Let us write the above equation in n-vector components
f
• Thus, Isq =(Zsf +Zsqq )-1Vsq0
Vs1f =Vs10 -Zs1q Isq
f

• Knowing fault current, the post fault

........................
bus voltages
Vsqf =Vsq0 -Zsqq Isq
f
Vsif =Vsi0 -Zsiq (Z sf  Z sqq ) 1 Vsq0
........................ for i  q
Vsnf =Vsn0 -Zsnq Isq
f

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction

 Asymmetrical Fault analysis by Zbus
Short circuit formula
• At faulted bus
Vsqf =Z sf Isq
f

• Replacing the value of fault current

Vsqf =Z sf (Z sf  Z sqq ) 1 Vsq0

• Thus, with the fault current and post

fault bus voltages, short circuit current
in different lines etc. can be calculated

• In cases where Zf is not defined but Ysf

s
can be calculated , there we shall use SC
transformed bus admittance matrix Ysf

NPTEL lecture and Electric energy system theory : An introduction

Fault analysis