INSTITUTE UIE

DEPARTMENT CSE

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)

Subject Name Data Structures
Subject Code 22CSH-211
Submitted To: Er. Paramjot Kaur Sarao
Submitted By:
Abhijeet Gupta(22BCS12248)
Section: 702-A

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Case Study:
Binary Search
Tree and its
Solutions
 TABLE OF CONTENT

• Introduction • Key Area Analysis

• Literature Review • Complexity Analysis

• Objective • References and Citations

• Hypothesis

• Result Analysis

3
 Introduction
 Binary Search Tree (BST) is a data structure used to store a collection of
elements.
 BST is a tree-based data structure.

 Each node in a BST can have at most two children:

 The left child of a node is always less than the parent node.

 The right child of a node is always greater than the parent node.

 BST's key property is that it maintains the order of elements which makes it
suitable for efficient searching.
 It's also useful for sorting elements in a data structure.
 L I T E R A T U R E
R E V I E W
“Introduction to Algorithms”
"Data Structures and Algorithms"
by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L.
by Michael T. Goodrich and Roberto Tamassia
Rivest, and Clifford Stein

1. Binary Search Trees (BSTs) Demystified :

 This book offers a clear understanding of Binary Search Trees, a
1. Comprehensive Coverage :
fundamental data structure in computer science.
 In-depth exploration of Binary Search Trees (BSTs).
2. Real-World Problem Solvers :
 Addresses not just basics but delves into the intricacies of BSTs.
 Learn how BSTs are essential for solving practical problems like
2. Fundamental Concepts :
searching, sorting, and indexing data efficiently.
 Covers key BST operations such as insertion, deletion, and searching.
3. Accessible for All Levels :
3. Balanced BSTs :
 Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, this book
 Introduces balanced BSTs like AVL trees and Red Black trees.
caters to all skill levels, providing a comprehensive insight into BSTs.
4. Practical Application :
4. Balancing Act Solutions :
 Goes beyond theory to provide practical insights on utilizing BSTs .
 Discover how the book delves into strategies for maintaining balance in
BSTs, a critical factor in their performance.
  To provide a comprehensive exploration of Binary Search Trees (BSTs)
and their solutions.

 To introduce the concept of Binary Search Trees.

 To formulate and define the problems associated with Binary Search Trees.

 To conduct a thorough literature review on Binary Search Trees.

 To outline the methodology used in this study, including hypothesis,

research methods, and implementation details.

Objective  To analyze the results of the research and provide insights into the
performance and characteristics of Binary Search Trees.

 To identify key areas of interest within Binary Search Trees and propose
potential solutions or optimizations.

 To perform a complexity analysis of Binary Search Trees, including time

and space complexity.

 To present the report's findings and recommendations based on the

research.

 To offer references for readers to explore further information on the topic.

6
 Implementing advanced algorithms and optimizations in Binary Search Trees (BSTs) will significantly enhance their

search and retrieval operations, making BSTs competitive and practical for various applications.

 Advanced Algorithms and Optimizations: The use of techniques like AVL and RedBlack trees to maintain

balanced structures will improve the efficiency of BST operations.

 Improved Search and Retrieval: These enhancements will reduce time complexity, leading to faster and more

reliable data retrieval.

 Competitiveness: BSTs will emerge as viable alternatives to other data structures in numerous problem domains.

Hypothesis  Practical Applicability: BSTs will find practical use in areas such as databases, search engines, and symbol

tables, where efficient data retrieval is crucial.

 Scalability: Optimized BSTs will be more scalable, accommodating larger datasets without compromising

performance.

 Demonstrable Results: The research will provide empirical evidence to support these enhancements.

 Tailored Search Algorithms: Customized algorithms will exploit data characteristics, further improving

efficiency. 7
Result Analysis
 Balanced BSTs Excel: Balanced BSTs like AVL and Red-Black trees offer superior performance with logarithmic time
complexity, making them ideal for time-sensitive tasks.

 Unbalanced Trees Struggle: Unbalanced BSTs degrade to linear time complexity when they resemble a linked list, making
them unsuitable for large datasets and time-critical operations.

 Custom Search Algorithms Boost Efficiency: Tailored search algorithms, designed for specific data characteristics,
enhance BST performance, particularly in niche applications.

 Space Complexity is Manageable: BSTs maintain an O(n) space complexity, and the slight memory overhead for balance
maintenance in AVL or Red-Black trees is acceptable for the performance benefits.

 Scalability is a Plus: Optimized BSTs scale well, accommodating larger datasets without significant performance loss, a
valuable feature for dynamic data applications.

Overall Implications: Optimized Binary Search Trees are efficient and practical solutions for various applications. The choice
between balanced and unbalanced trees depends on specific requirements, and custom search algorithms can maximize
efficiency. BSTs compete effectively with other data structures, especially in applications that require efficient data access and
scalability.
 Key Area Analysis
• Efficiency in Insertion and Deletion: Analyzing standard BST operations, emphasizing
strengths in average cases but potential weaknesses in worst cases.
Balancing Strategies • Rotation Operations: Discussing the impact of rotations for balance maintenance,
including rotation count and complexity, revealing trade-offs in insertion and
deletion.

• Efficiency in Insertion and Deletion: Examines the efficiency of standard BST

operations for insertion and deletion, emphasizing strengths in average-case
Insertion and Deletion scenarios but potential weaknesses in worst-case scenarios.
Techniques • Rotation Operations: Discusses the impact of rotations in maintaining balance,
considering the number of rotations and their complexity, revealing trade-offs in
insertion and deletion.

• Average vs. Worst Case: Compares the average-case and worst-case time
complexities of BST structures, aiding users in selecting the appropriate tree for their
Search and Retrieval specific workload and search patterns.
Efficiency • Splay Trees: Explores the pros and cons of splay trees' adaptability to frequently
accessed nodes while acknowledging their lack of worst-case guarantees and
sensitivity to input order.

• Balancing's Memory Impact: Analyzes how balancing strategies introduce memory

Search and Retrieval overhead, affecting space complexity and memory usage.
• Memory-Efficient Alternatives: Explores data structures like B-trees and Tries for
Efficiency memory-constrained or large datasets, highlighting trade-offs between memory
efficiency and search speed.
 Complexity Analysis
Time Complexity Space Complexity

 The best-case time complexity occurs when the tree is

perfectly balanced. In this scenario, the tree exhibits  In the best-case scenario, a balanced Binary Search Tree has a
optimal behaviour. space complexity of O(n).
Best Case  For search, insertion, and deletion operations, the best-  This occurs when the BST is perfectly balanced, with each node
case time complexity is O(log n), where 'n' is the number having two children, creating a full binary tree.
Complexity of nodes in the tree. This is because in a balanced tree,  In this case, the space required to store 'n' nodes is proportional
you can eliminate half of the remaining nodes at each to 'n' since there is no wasted memory.
step.

 In the average case, the space complexity of a BST is also O(n).

 The average-case time complexity also tends to be O(log
 While not all trees are perfectly balanced, on average, the tree
Average Case n) for search, insertion, and deletion operations.
maintains a relatively balanced structure.
 This is based on the assumption that, over multiple
 Over a large number of random insertions and deletions, the tree
Complexity insertions and deletions, the tree maintains a relatively
tends to stay reasonably balanced, resulting in O(n) space
balanced structure.
complexity.

 The worst-case space complexity of a Binary Search Tree is

 The worst-case time complexity for search, insertion, and
O(n).
deletion in a BST is O(n).
 This occurs when the tree becomes completely unbalanced,
Worst Case  This occurs when the tree becomes degenerate or
effectively turning into a linked list.
unbalanced, resembling a linear list rather than a tree.
 In the worst case, each node has only one child, and the tree
Complexity  In this case, you may need to traverse through all 'n'
degenerates into a linear structure as the space required to store
nodes to find the desired element or perform an insertion
'n' nodes is proportional to 'n', as it still requires memory for each
or deletion.
node, and the tree structure doesn't provide space efficiency.
 Back to Table of Cont
ents

References
edutechlearners.com/download/Introduction_to_algorithms-3rd Edition.pdf
Data Structures and Algorithms in Java - PDF Room.pdf - Google Drive
 In this book, "Binary Search Tree" is the 3rd sub-topic under "Data
Structures," which happens to be the 3rd chapter of the book. If you're
 The first subsection of the 11th chapter of this book delves into the topic
navigating this book, you'll find it nestled right there, continuing your
of "Binary Search Trees."
journey into the world of data structures

Data Structure and Algorithms - Tree (tutorialspoint.com)

Binary Search Tree – GeeksforGeeks

 TutorialsPoint's resource outlines various real-world applications of

 GeeksforGeeks provides an extensive resource on Binary Search Trees,
Binary Search Trees, providing examples of how BSTs can be used in
including tutorials, code examples, and practical solutions to problems
practical scenarios.
using BSTs.
THANK YOU