.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXTENSION

Dr. IMELDA STA. ANA- NAVARRO

Associate Professor V
Bulacan Agricultural State College
 EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS
Definition of Concept

 Teaching – is the process of transmitting ideas, information,

. and technologies from one person to another with the
intent of enhancing/modifying the learner’s knowledge,
attitudes and/or skills.

 Method- refers to the systematic procedure employed by

extension worker in getting the vital information across the
client-learners.
 EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS
Definition of Concept

 Techniques - refers to the art or skill of performance. The

. extension worker’s teaching technique spells the success or
failure of the methods employed. This involve the use of
action or gestures, changing facial expressions to depict
different moods, varying voice pitch, tempo and timbre.

 Device is a “little method”. It is a teaching aid or a too

used to facilitate instruction. It is any means usually
concrete used to make the instruction better, meaningful
and more interesting.
Factors to Consider in the Choice of Teaching Method to Use

1. Human factors – in extension teaching, the human factors

are the extension worker and the clientele-learners.

 Extension worker as a teacher- the main task of

extension worker is teaching.
 Client-learners – the learners are considered the
center of the educative process.

2. The Objectives – these are statements of what the

clientele will be able to do after the learning activity.
Factors to Consider in the Choice of Teaching Method to Use

3. Subject Matter – it is what the extension worker will be

presenting and discussing.

4. Available materials and facilities- the choice of extension

teaching method is dependent on the availability of
needed materials and facilities.
Factors to Consider in the Choice of Teaching Method to Use

5. Time consideration- the choice of extension teaching

method is also influenced by the time- time given to the
extension worker to present a subject matter, time of the
day or even the lead time of one to prepare the materials
needed for the learning activity.

6. Available budget support- important consideration in the

choice of extension teaching method is available budget.
Classification of the Extension Teaching Methods
An effective extension worker is one who
reaches out to as many rural families as he can,
promoting information and technologies which can
serve as alternative options for them to improve
their way of farming and living.

Extension teaching methods may be broadly

categorized into three namely:
1. Individual contacts, which include the farm and
home visit, office call, telephone/cellphone and
text messaging, correspondence and result
demonstration.
2. Group contacts like lecture, method
demonstration, meetings, group discussion, field
trips or lakbay-aral, seminar-workshops, conference,
role-playing, panel discussion and farmer field
school.

3. Mass media such as radio, television, print-media,

fairs, field days and exhibits.
 Of the three groups of extension teaching methods,
the individual contacts, although the most
expensive are the most intensive and are best
used when moving the clientele from
evaluation/trial stage to adoption stage.

o Methods under this category provide

opportunities for face-to- face or person-to-person
contact between the rural people and the
extension worker. These methods are very
effective in teaching new skills and creating
goodwill between farmers and the extension
workers
 The group contacts like group discussion and
meetings are important when one wants to gather
opinion about a certain idea or innovation to
confirm his decision. The small-audience teaching
methods that allow two-way discussion is the most
effective base for educational programs.

o Extension methods that involve contact with

substantial or related groups of people and
include all sorts of meeting for all kinds of
purposes.
 The mass media methods such as radio, television
and print were found to have been useful in
widening the horizons, focus attention, raise
aspirations and help create a “climate” of
development by introducing new values, attitudes
and create awareness of innovation to a large,
heterogeneous and widely scattered audiences.

A category of extension teaching methods

particularly useful in making a large number of
people aware of new ideas and practices.
 While the amount of detailed information is
limited that can be transmitted through mass media,
they will serve an important and valuable function in
stimulating farmers’ interest in new ideas.
 INDIVIDUAL METHODS
1.Farm and Home Visit
As term suggest, the farm and home visit involves
interpersonal interaction between the extension worker and
clientele either in the farm or home of the later.

Purposes of Farm and Home visit

 To gain first-hand information not only on the farmer and

his family
 To provide technical assistance
 To establish rapport with clientele and his family
 To identify potential leaders or cooperators
Characteristics of Farm and Home Visit

 The extension worker is the one that goes to the home or

farm of the clientele

 The face to face contact between the extension worker

and the clientele gives the farmer the opportunity to know
the latter and/or get first-hand information about the
condition of his crops/livestock project.
Pointers to Remember

 Determine the place and time of the visit

 Decide on the purpose of the visit
 Introduce yourself to the farmer/housewife, especially if
you will be meeting them for the first or even second
time
 Observe courtesy all throughout the visit
 Be a good listener
 Avoid engaging in trivial discussions outside of your
main purpose for the visit
 Conclude the visit. End the visit by summarizing
important points discussed with the farmer and his
family.
 Record the important details taken up/observed to keep
the visit
 Follow-up the visit

Strong Points
 The interpersonal contact or personal touch involved
during the visit may facilitate the extension worker’s
desire to establish rapport with the clientele and his
family.
Weak Points
 Expensive in the part of extension worker, limited reach
and some farms may be too far or not accessible to
commonly available means of transportation.
2. Office Calls
This is the reverse of the farm and home visit as the
clientele is the one who goes to the extension office to seek
for technical assistance or information from the extension
worker.

Purpose of Office Call

 The clientele’s visit to the extension office is usually
inspired by a desire to seek for technical information or
assistant from the extension worker
 The Office call can also be done for the purpose of
seeking referral from the extension office
Characteristics of the Office Call
 The clientele is the one that pays a visit to the extension
office/worker in his office

Pointers to Remember
 There must be adequate space and chairs to comfortably
accommodate office callers
 Be courteous to the office callers
 Have a guest book indicating the date , name , address
and purpose of the office call
 Follow-up the office caller by paying a home visit or
through a business letter
Strong Points
 Not expensive on the part of extension worker
 Provides clientele with the opportunity to get to know
the services offered by the extension office

Weak Points
 Expensive in the part of office callers
 Most farmers do not take advantage of the services of
the extension office hence may nor feel the need to go
to the extension office.
3. Telephone/Cellphone Call/Text Messaging

This method is the reverse of both farm/home visit and

office call as it lacks the personal or face-to-face contact
between the extension worker and the clientele. An
intermediary devise called telephone or cellphone are used to
transmit/disseminate information.

Pointers to Remember
 Be courteous and tactful when receiving cellphone calls
 Record and follow-up telephone/cellphone calls
 Keep a directly or important people/office/clienteles
(with their telephone/cellphone numbers) accessible for
easy and ready reference.
Pointers to Remember

 If you need to send text messages be sure it is

understandable.

Strong Points
 Not time consuming on the part of both EW and
clientele
 Useful for contracting regional or national office quickly
 One of the fastest methods of disseminating
information/technology.
Weak Points
 Information shared is limited
 Lacks face to face contacts
 Sometimes misunderstanding occurs.

4. Letters
Simply defined, a business letter is a written
message used to transact official business.

Purpose of Writing a Business Letter

 To transmit information in written form this could be
used as a ready reference in the future.
 To elicit action from the intended receiver
Characteristics of a well written Business Letter
 Accurate
 Clear
 Concise
 Neat
 Promptly written
 Attractive
Pointers to Remember
Always keep in mind that a business letter
should have the following parts:
a.Heading
b.Date Line
c.Inside Line
d.Salutation
e.Subject line
Pointers to Remember

f. Body of the Letter

g. Complimentary Closing
h. Signature4 Lines
i. Identification Initials
j.Enclosure Reference

 Parts i and j are indicated only when necessary, while the

other parts should be included in every business letter.
 Avoid errors especially in the spelling of names and titles
of the addressee
Strong Points
 May be used to convey message in written form when
personal communication is not feasible
 Can be used as future reference when filed/kept
properly.

Weak Points
 May not be used to transmit messages to all clienteles as
some may not know how to read.
 Not practical in areas where there is no efficient
mail/courier service.
5. Result Demonstration
This is a method of teaching usually conducted in
the farmer’s field involving the cooperation of a selected
cooperator whereby a component technology or a
recommended practice is demonstrated side by side with
an existing practice.

Purposes of a Result Demonstration

 To attract the attention of the intended clientele about
the existence of a given/recommended
practice/technology.
 To show proof of the relative advantage of one
practice/technology over another which is currently
being followed/used
Purposes of a Result Demonstration

 To convince the intended clientele to try/adopt a

recommended/technology

Characteristics of Result Demonstration

 Long time method of demonstrating in the farmer’s field

 It requires the full cooperation and support of a farmer-
cooperator who does the demonstration himself under
the close guidance and supervision of an extension
worker or subject-matter specialist.
Pointers to Remember

 Since the success of the result demonstration depends

largely on the farmer-cooperator, the following criteria in
selecting one may useful:
a. The farmer must be willing to provide a parcel of
farm for the purpose of the result demonstration.
b. The farmer should have the needed resources
(farm implements/inputs) to proceed with the
demonstration.
c. He must be willing to work closely with the
extension worker.
d. His farm should be strategically located for the
other farmer to easily see the demo/reach it.
 e. He must be willing to record important detail of
the demonstration and share the needed information to
anyone who gets interested with the result of the
demonstration.

o Complete the result demonstration

o Publicize the results of the demonstration
o Repeat the demonstration involving other farmer-
cooperators when necessary.
Strong Points
 Appeals to people who wants proof before trying or
those with the “to see is to believe” attitude.
 The result of the demonstration will “speak for itself”
whether the practice or technology is worth trying/
adapting or not.

Weak Points
 Results may be affected by vagaries of nature.
 Sometimes, getting willing and cooperative farmer as
cooperator is difficult.
GROUP METHODS

1. Lecture
Lecture is a prepared oral presentation on a
given subject by a trainer or a resource person while the
audience is usually passive, i.e. simply taking notes or just
listening.
Purpose of Lecture
The main purpose of lecture is to inform the
participants about a specified subject-matter. More especially,
lecture may serve one or a combination of the following
purposes:
GROUP METHODS
 To introduce a subject indicating its importance, and an
overview of its scope.
 To provide information needed for better understanding of basic
and subsequent activities.
 To explain the application of rules, principle, or concept and
 To review, clarify, emphasize or summarize a give topic of
subject matter.

Characteristics of Lecture
 Coverage and pacing of presentation can be
predetermined.
 Lectures can readily be repeated, especially when
hand-outs and visual aids have already been
prepared.
.
 Usually, one-way communication, with the most if not
all the talking done by the lecturer.
 Lecturing may be interest or boring depending on the
technique of the lecturer.

Pointers to Remember

 Know your audience

 Know how much speaking time you will have
 Determine what audio-visual aids you need in
support of your lecture
 A good lecture must have three parts: an
introduction, the body of the lecture and the
summary
  Speak clearly and slowly so that the audience can
understand and take notes if they desire
 Visual aids should be properly prepared. Letters font
and illustration must be large enough for everybody to
see
 Rehearse the lecture when necessary.
Strong Points
 When properly planned and skillfully delivered, lecture
can present more material in a given time than any
other method.
 A skillful lecturer can modify the material in terms of
sequence, vocabulary to suit the needed of the
intended audience.
 Lecture can be used whether in-door or out-door
provided the needed audio visual equipment are
available.
Weak Points
 Most lectures do not permit exchange of ideas
between the trainor and the audience
 Sometimes difficult to hold the interest of the
audience
 Audience is usually passive.
2. Meetings
Meeting is a gathering of the officers and members of
a organized group, or a group of intended clientele with the
extension worker for a definite purpose.

Purpose of Meeting
 Plan the activities to be undertaken by the
organization clientele group
 Resolve conflicts/problems encountered by the
organization
Characteristics of Meeting
A good meeting must have the following parts:
 Call the meeting to order
 Reading the minutes of the previous meeting
 Presentation of the agenda of the meeting
 Action/reflection
 Adjournment
Pointers to Remember
 Decide on the purpose of the meeting
 Determine the venue of the meeting
 Set the date, time, and the duration of the meeting
 Determine who will be the attendees to the meeting
 Prepared the materials needed for the meeting
 Notify the would-be-attendance well in advance of
the meeting
 Start and adjourn the meeting on time
 Record the minutes of the meeting.
Strong Points
 Officers and member of the organization get to discuss
project, activities, and problems of the organization
problems of the organization together with the
extension worker.
 The meeting also provides the attendance with
opportunity to interact with one another.

Weak Points
 Some people have the habit of coming late thereby
delaying the start of the meeting
 Finding a common schedule for the meeting is
sometimes difficult.
3. Method Demonstration

Method demonstration is one, if not the oldest

teaching methods. This method emphasizes the principle of
“learning by doing”. It is easy to learn things if the
extension worker not only "tells how” but also “shows how”
the skill is being done.

Purpose of the Demonstration

 Method demonstration is used to help clients gain skill
in doing things in a correct way
Characteristic of the Method Demonstration
 All equipment, tools and materials needed are
prepared in advance.
 The demonstration is broken into small, manageable
steps that the audience can follow
 As the demonstration proceeds, the extension worker
explains the step that are performed/done.
 All necessary safety precaution throughout the
demonstration period should be observed.
Pointers to Remember

 Before the demonstration, it is important to put the

audience at ease and get their complete attention.
 A good method demonstration should have four part,
namely introduction, demonstration proper, question
and answer and summary.

Strong Points
 This method enhance application of learned
principles
 The pace of demonstration if is flexible.

Weak Points
 It is considerably expensive
 It is not much useful for the large group, rather, it is
more effective to small groups
4. Field Trip/Lakbay-Aral
 Field trip is a planned and guided visit of a group of
participants to a specific site or sites for the purpose
of obtaining first-hand information about an
organization and its services/products.
 It is also regarded as a means of showing the
participants how people are doing certain livelihood or
rural development activities.
 It allows for exchange of ideas; it motivates people to
adopt some improved practices through actual
observations.

Purpose of Field Trip

 To provide first-hand observation of operations
processes or practices that cannot be readily
available in the classroom or laboratory.
Characteristics
 Field trip is considered a mobile class and
observational way of the learning.

Pointers to Remember
 An effective trip must be well planned. For instance,
the following should be considered:
a.What is the purpose of a trip?
b.Who will the participants and representatives of
the organization to be visited?
c. Where will be the destination or places to be
included in the itinerary and how will the group get
there?
Strong Points
 Field trip is an effective way of imparting knowledge
through actual observation of a practice as
participants will have the opportunity to have a look-
see of the projects/activities visited.
 It stimulates fellowship among members.

Weak Points
 It requires a lot of preparation and coordination with
people responsible in projects/organizations to be
visited.
 It is expensive and consuming.
5. Seminar
Means not only to discuss the result in a
meeting, but also to discuss any activity or part of an
activity with a specific purpose.
Component of Seminar
 Developing the skills and knowledge through direct
exchange of views.
 Knowing the participants
 Knowing the facts
 Evaluating the facts
 Preparing the physical details.
 Minimizing the duplication of activities, and
 Avoiding the wrong step.
Characteristics
 May be held for a few hours or a day with different
sessions.
Pointers to Remember
 The speaker must explain the subject matter briefly
and concisely at the beginning of the seminar.
 Written handouts or papers should be provided to the
participants, when possible.
Strong Points
 The development of skill and knowledge of the speaker
and the participants through exchange of ideas/views
on the subject tackled in a seminar.
 It is very effective method of disseminating technical
know-how for human resource development.
Weak Points
 Wrong planning and procedure, and the speakers’ lack
of experience cause the failure of seminar.
6. Conference
A meeting of individuals, preferably a small
number usually in a round table situation, who meet for a
specific purpose. A conference can also be defined as a
discussion wherein participants exchange views.
Characteristic
 The leaders should be democratic, rather than
authoritarian.
Pointers to Remember
 As much as possible, the conference should start on
time.
 The purpose of the conference should be clear to the
participants.
 The key points/agreement arrived at by the leader
and the participants should be summarized before
ending the conference.
Strong Points
 It is a direct and economical method of transmitting
information that applies to all members of a group.
 Conference technique provides sound motivation and a
good climate for growth.
Weak Point
 The conference may become dull of if there is
inadequate preparation about the purpose.
7. Role Playing
It is a method of adopting roles from real life
other than those being played by the person concerned and
understanding the dynamics of those roles.
“Role fitting” and “role taking” are other terms sometimes
used to described this process (UNITAR, 1970).
The technique of the role-playing offers an opportunity for
practicing skills in “doing” and implementing.
Types of Role Playing
1. Structure Role Playing
• The Single Role Play
 Consist of two or three people playing out roles in
front of a group.
 This type of role play is usually used when the
purpose is to develop the leadership skills.
• Multiple Role Play
 All participants are players
 Used when the extension worker desires to give the
entire group a chance to practice dealing with a
problem related to the training objective.
• Role Rotation
 Consist of having one person play a role usually that
of an individual who has a problem or is creating a
problem and having several class members attempt
to use their skills to handle the situation.
 2. Spontaneous Role Playing
Requires that the trainor elicits some problems
from the group and then direct an enactment of the
problems.

Characteristics of Role Playing as a Method of Teaching

• This method is especially useful for problem analysis
involving feeling and attitudes.
• May have limited application
8. Group Discussion
An activity where a group of three to 10
people meet together to discuss informally but deliberately
a topic of mutual concern usually under the guidance of a
leader.
Purpose of Group Discussion
 To encourage the participants of the group discussion
to become more aware of and help in the solution of
their community problems.
 To decide on a plan of an action that is agreeable to
the group.

Pointers to Remember
 Determine the group’s size
 Define the purpose/topic of the discussion
 Identify a group leader and rapporteur.
 Get all members involved in the discussion. Do not
allow anyone to monopolize the discussion.
Strong Points
 It permits full participation
 It establishes consensus democratically, and
 It pools the abilities, knowledge, and experience of
all to reach a common goal.
Weak Point
 It is time consuming.

9. Achievement Day
Achievement day as the term suggest is held
to give public recognition to worthwhile accomplishments
of the extension office, farmer-cooperator and the like.
Purpose of Achievement Days
 To exhibit the significant output/product of project
undertake during a particular season/year.
 To give recognition to outstanding partners in
development.
 To demonstrate how a certain new skill or products
is done.
Pointers to Remember
 The success of the achievement day depends on
careful planning.
 Organize work committees and identify key people
who will be held responsible for each work
assignment.
 Be sure that the program/ schedule is followed.
10. Farmers Field School (FFS)
The farmers field school (FFS) is a season long event
conducted in the field wherein the farmers are encouraged
to explore and discover for themselves new
technologies/options in a systematic manner and to make
decisions based on their own learning. The FFS was first
introduced/developed in Indonesia as a way of training rice
farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Since then the
concept became popular in many Asian countries involving
crops other than rice.

 The FFS participants should discuss and prioritize

the activities proposed for the FFS. A realistic work
plan should be developed as a result of this
meeting. The work plan should specify:
  The venue, date and time of the weekly FFS meeting
 The location of the field study site
 The list of FFS participants
 A weekly schedule of activities for the entire season
 Designs for field experiments
 The extension worker who is to serve as FFS trainer or
facilitator need to be adequately trained on FFS as the
success or failure of the activity may rest largely on
how will he perform the roles expected of him such as
follows:
 Determine the major farming problems before starting the FFS
 Identifies a potential field to be used for observation and
experimentation.
 Prepare all materials required for the special topics and group
dynamics exercises before the start of each meeting.
 Explains the objectives and the process before initiating an
activity
 Sees to it that the FFS remains on schedule.
MASS MEDIA METHODS
Mass media means technology that is intended to
reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of
communication used to reach the vast majority of the
general public. The most common platforms for mass
media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and
the internet.
A. Print Media
Included the different publications used to
disseminate technologies and other valuable information
to intended clienteles such as:

1. Primer- is a pamphlet or more than four (4) pages

containing essential information on a technology package.
2. Leaflet- is a single sheet printed material containing
brief information on a specific information that is not
necessarily step-by-step procedural instruction to follow,
but is also needed by the farmer. The leaflet may bear on
both sides and maybe folded.

3. Brochure- thin, unbound book containing a specific

topic, more detailed than a leaflet.
4. Booklet- consists of up 20 pages joined at the spine,
longer than a brochure.

5. Handouts- supplement to lectures contains some

topics/important information discussed in a lecture.

6. Newsletter- a regularly issued publication keeps people

abreast to what is happening in their field of interest.
7. Factsheet- contains useful information/instructions about a specific
subject matter; one page, continuous publication.

8. Photonovel- generic for printed material in comics format, includes

illustration and text; a subtle way of putting a message wherein a
developmental message is incorporated in the story.

9. Newspaper- the print material provides a valuable channel for

transmission of educational information where they exist and where rural
people receive and read them.

10. Wall Newspaper- this material is similar in size and appearance to

posters. One difference is that the wall newspaper usually attempts to
communicate more than one idea and has more illustrations. Usually, the
wall newspaper is posted at busy and strategically located bulletin boards
or walls or reading center, schools or barangay halls.
11. Flyer- is a single sheet printed material summarizing information on
technology package or component technology. It bears illustration and
brief text, preferable in the audience’s dialect. Flyer is used as
reference for further technical assistance and for use as advance
handout information. A flyer bear’s print only on one side.

12. Poster- is a single –sheet visuals containing photographs and

captions to highlight a recommendation or promote awareness. The
poster is intended to attract initial attention or provide constant
reminder about recommendation or message.

13. Bulletin- is a semi-technical publication on a package of technology

intended to extension workers.
Pointers to Remember
 Always keep your intended readers in mind when preparing any
kind of publication. By so doing, you will be guided as to how to
present the information in an easy to understand language and
interesting manner.
 Avoid being too verbose or wordy. Keep the message short and
simple and direct to the point.
  When using pictures or illustrations, appropriate captions must
be provided.
 If there are technical terms that cannot be translated in
layman’s language, appropriate explanation should be included.
 Use abbreviations or symbols (ha for hectare; % for percent; l for
liter, etc.) correctly.
 Be accurate and precise in the information to be presented.

Strong Points
 In general, people have confidence in the information in
printed form.
 Comes in attractive and handy format.
 Information is usually well organized and written in a language
the intended readers can easily understand.
 Can be used to supplement other teaching methods.
Weak Points
 People with limited education may not fully appropriate the
printed information for obvious reason.
 Revisions have to be made from time to time to update the
information as contained in the printed materials.
 Information prepared for general distribution may not fit local
conditions.
 Impersonal as the source of information is detached from the
reader
B. Broadcast Media
1. Radio- is a presentation medium which basically makes
use of the radio mode in disseminating information
simultaneously to thousands or even millions of
potential receivers.

2. Television- adds another dimension to the capability of

radio, i.e. one does not only hear but can also see the
event, object or the person disseminating the information.
Strong Points
a.Radio
 Can reach more people more quickly than any
other means of communication.
 Suitable for handling emergency and timely
information.
 Relatively cheap
 Reaches many who read little, or not at all.
 Reaches those who do not attend extension
meetings
 Builds interest in other extension media.
 Good means of informing urban people about
agricultural matters.
 Possible to build a substantial audience of
sustained listeners.
 b.Television
 Comes closed to face-to face communication
 Visual undoubtedly increases effectiveness of
message.
 Reaches both urban and rural population.
 Slow motion gives clear view of key operations
 Process requiring much time can be viewed within
a few minutes.
Weak Points
a.Radio
 Broadcast facilities are not easily available and
airtime is very expensive.
 Informative/educational programs frequently lose
out in competition with entertainment programs.
 Difficult to obtain feedback.
 b. Television
 Cost of receivers and upkeep presently high.
 Program production expensive and needs certain
amount of talent and showmanship.
 Viewers cannot watch TV and do other things as
the same time as in radio.
 Sets and programs are presently centered in urban
areas.
 Farm/other development programs are likely to
lose out to entertainment.
OTHER METHODS

1. Exhibits- it can be regarded as a public display of

technologies, innovations, products, or even services
available to the farmers, fisher folks, entrepreneurs, in
particular and the public in general.
Purpose of Exhibits
According to Ancheta and Medina91979) exhibits are
held to meet one or a combination of the following
purposes:
 Give information
 Show how a certain process is done
 Encourage participation
 Promote an innovation/technology/product
 Give recognition
Characteristic of Good Exhibits
 The exhibit as a whole should be attractively set up,
arranged in an orderly fashion so that it can attract
the attention of the general public.
 The principles of good design have been employed
such as follows(Medina and Ancheta, 1979):
 o Off-center balance for dynamic effects
o Rhythm repeats a basic shape
o Emphasis through enlargement of one object or
dramatic repetition of one small object.
o Progression and sequence through careful choice
of color and proportional shapes and sizes.
Pointer to Remember
 The exhibits should be properly planned out well in
advance.
 Captions for all the materials for display should be
provided.
 As much as possible real object or live exhibits should
be included as these usually draw more viewers.
 Assign somebody who can ably explain what the
exhibits as well as the materials on displays are all
about.
  Have print materials readily available for free or at
minimal cost.
 A guest book can also be provided to get a profile of
the viewers, particularly those who have signified
interest about what are on display in the exhibits.
 Keep the exhibit booth clean and orderly at all times.
Strong Points
 Can motivate viewers to action
 A good way of promoting the products/innovations as
the viewers can see them.
 Weak Points
 Requires a lot of creativity to come up with an
attractively set-up exhibit
 Expensive
2. Puppetry- is a form of theatre or performance that
involves the manipulation of puppets- in animate objects,
often resembling some type of human or animal figure that
are animated or manipulated by a human called a
puppeteer.
3. Campaign- is any series of actions or events that are
meant to achieve a particular result, like an advertising
campaign of television commercials and internet ads that
tries to convince people to buy a certain products.
4. Popular Theaters- is one process that communities and
adult educators throughout the world have used to meet a
multiplicity of learning needs and as aid in helping people
analyze and solve community problems.
INDIVIDUAL METHODS
Advantages
1. Appropriate for dealing with a unique problem that calls for
a major decision by the farmer.
2. Provides for a more private mode of dealing with farm and
household problems and their solutions.
3. Can increase farmer’s trust on the extension agent
Dis advantages:
1. Costly in terms of extension agent’s time and travel
2. Only a small portion of problems may be reached
3. Could create jealousy among farmers who are less
frequently in touch with extension agent
4. Success highly dependent on farmer’s trust on the
extension agent
MASS METHOD
Advantages
1. Can increase the impact of extension agents/workers
through rapid spread of information
2. Many people can be reached within a short time, even in
remote areas
3. Spreading awareness of new ideas and creating interest in
farming innovations.
4. Giving timely warnings about possible pest and diseases
outbreaks, and urgent advice on what action to take.
5. Multiplying the impact of extension activities. A
demonstration will only be attended by a small number of
farmers, but the results will reach many more if they are
reported in newspapers and on the radio.
MASS METHOD

Advantages
6.Sharing experiences with other individuals and communities.
The success of a village in establishing a local tree plantation
might stimulate other villages to do the same if it is broadcast
over the radio. Farmers are also often interested in hearing
about the problems of other farmers and how they have
overcome them.

7. Answering questions and advising on problems common to a

large number of farmers.
MASS METHOD

Advantages
8. Reinforcing of repeating information and advice. Information
heard at meeting or passed on by an extension agent can soon
be forgotten. It will be remembered more easily if it is reinforced
by mass media.

9. Using a variety of sources that are credible to farmers.

Instead of hearing advice from the extension agent only, through
mass media farmers can be brought into contact with successful
farmers from other areas, respected political figures and
agricultural specialist.
MASS METHOD

Dis- Advantages

1. The amount of information that can be transmitted is limited.

2. Radio and television reception is poor in some areas and the
target group may not own sets, particularly TVs
3. It is difficult to evaluate the impact since there is no
immediate feedback
4. Production of both programs and printed materials is costly
and requires special skills.
 Q & A.
1. This mass method of extension reaches many people more
quickly in all parts of the country without delay and
considered as the most important mass medium for farmers
in less industrialized countries. Moreover, this is best medium
to penetrate the remote barangay6s of the Philippines.
a. Radio
b. Internet
c. Television
d. Newsletter
 Q & A.

2. Technologies or products displayed in public to

give or promote an innovation, technology or
product is termed as
a. Exhibit
b. Achievement Day
c. Result demonstration
d. Poster
 Q & A.

3. A strategy where local farmers are shown a

particular new recommendations that are practicable
under local conditions.
a. Method demonstration
b. Group dynamics
c. Training
d. Result demonstration
 Q & A.

4. Which of the following methods is concerned with

personal visits made by the client to the extension
office to seek in formation or technical assistance
a. Informal contact
b. Office call
c. Personal letter
d. Telephone call
 Q & A.

5. Which of the following refers to the teaching aid

used to facilitate instruction?
a. Device
b. Instructional materials
c. Method
d. Technique
 Q & A.

6. When extension agents come into contact with

clients whether in the market, holiday celebrations,
or religious events, which individual method is it
referring to?
a. Farm visit
b. Home visit
c. Informal contact
d. Office call
THANK YOU!!!