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Chapter 1 Computers and IT2

The document discusses the history of computers from first to fifth generation machines, how computer operations work by taking input, processing it, and producing output with storage in between, different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and their capabilities and limitations such as dependence on instructions and inability to derive own meanings.

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Ana Luisa Buen
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14 views

Chapter 1 Computers and IT2

The document discusses the history of computers from first to fifth generation machines, how computer operations work by taking input, processing it, and producing output with storage in between, different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, and their capabilities and limitations such as dependence on instructions and inability to derive own meanings.

Uploaded by

Ana Luisa Buen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa

Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas

College of Communication Arts


Bachelor of Arts in Communication

LIVING IN THE IT ERA


(GEE 102)

Francis Ramil A.Bendaña


Instructor I
Computers and
Information Technology
What is a computer?
An electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data
(input), and process it into useful information (output). Data is
put in secondary storage for safekeeping or later use.

The processing of input into output is directed by the software,


but performed by the hardware.
Short History of Computers
First Generation (1939 - 1957)
The Vacuum Tube Age – electronic tubes made of glass
1939 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) – first electronic digital
computer
1943 Alan Turing designed the Colossus – to break German codes
1953 IBM 650 was developed – a medium sized computer system
1954 First high-level programming language – FORTRAN
(FORmula TRANslator)
Short History of Computers

Second Generation (1958 - 1963)


The Transistor Age – transfer of electronic signals using a
resistor
1959 ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) – can
read digitized information
1960 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) – 1st
business application programming language developed by Dr
Grace Hopper
1963 ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange to enable computers to exchange information
Short History of Computers

Third Generation (1964 - 1969)


The Integrated Circuit Age – complete electronic chip made of
silicon.
1964 Introduction of computers built with IC (Integrated Circuits)
1965 BASIC programming language; DEC introduced the 1 st
minicomputer
1969 Introduction of ARPANET and the beginning of the Internet
Short History of Computers
Fourth Generation (1970 - 1990)
The Microprocessor Age
1970 Introduction of computers built with chips specialized for memory
and logic
1975 1st Local Area Network (LAN) – Ethernet
1977 Apple Computer, Inc (Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs)
1980 Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, developed MS-DOS
1981 Introduction of IBM PC
1985 Microsoft introduced Windows GUI
1989 Introduction of Intel 486 – 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor
Short History of Computers
Fifth Generation (1991 and beyond)
The Age of Connectivity
1991 – Linux Operating System
1995 – Windows 95, a major upgrade to Windows Operating
System; Sun Microsystems launched Java
1998 Apple Introduced iMac
2001 Security applications in response to 9-11 attack on World
Trade Center
2001 Wikipedia, an Internet encyclopedia
2002 Earth Simulator – world’s fastest supercomputer, 33.86
trillion calculations per second
Short History of Computers

Fifth Generation (1991 and beyond)


2003 Tablet PC, and WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)
2005 Smart phones : cellular phone, web browser, instant message
capability, full personal management, email, multimedia
2006 Intel introduces Core Duo processor
2007 Microsoft releases Windows Vista and MS Office 2007
2008 Roadrunner computer – 1,000 trillion calculations per second
2009 and beyond - ???
Computer Operations

Input as Raw Data


Output as
Information

Instructions...
.......
..........
..........
..........

Storage
Computer Operations

Input Processing Output

External Storage
Exercise 1
On-line Enrollment
Input - ?
Processing - ?
Output - ?
Storage - ?
Exercise 2
Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
Input - ?
Processing - ?
Output - ?
Storage - ?
Types of Computers
Supercomputers
Most powerful
Fastest – trillion instructions per second
Most expensive
Several million dollars each
Used only by
Governmental agencies
Large international corporations
Types of Computers
Supercomputers
Sample applications
Weather forecasting
Aerospace/Aeronautics
Oil Exploration
Modeling complex processes like nuclear fission
Military
Types of Computers
Mainframes
Very powerful
Very fast – massive amounts of data and simultaneous users
Used by large corporations and governmental agencies
Operated by computer specialist
Types of Computers
Mainframes
Sample applications
Banks
Insurance companies
Airline reservation
Types of Computers
Minicomputers
Size of filing cabinet
Used by small and medium size companies and institutions
Operated by computer specialist
“Dumb” terminals allow many people to use and access the
computer
Types of Computers
Minicomputers
Sample applications
Manufacturing companies for their Inventory and Production
applications
Accounting applications
Hotel reservation
Types of Computers
Workstations and Servers
High-end personal computers
Massive computing power used by many users to
perform a specific task like running a network or an
internet application
Have large memory and storage capacities
Types of Computers
Microcomputers
Types of Computers
Microcomputers
Desktop
Notebook or laptop computers
Wearable PC
Tablet PC – writing on screen
Handheld Personal Computer – used by people who are very
mobile, to conduct their operations.
Personal Digital Assistant or PDA – multi-function electronic
devices
Mobile devices – use of memory cards
Computer Capabilities
Ability to perform certain logic operation
Computers work on symbols – numbers, characters,
mathematical operators, words, sentences.
Based on the instructions, computers can perform logical
operations – comparison of values to determine a course of
action.
Computer Capabilities
Ability to provide new time dimension
With the speed of computers, “time” as defined in human
effort to perform tasks are given a new perspective.
Tasks that previously took days or weeks to complete,
can be done by computers in a matter of minutes or
seconds.
Computer Capabilities
Ability to store and retrieve information
Storage of all vital information on different storage
devices.
Quick, efficient, and accurate retrieval of information on
different storage devices.
Computer Capabilities
Ability to control error
With the proper instructions, a computer can perform
millions of operations without producing an error.
Routinary tasks performed accurately all the time.
Computer Capabilities
Ability to check itself
Computers perform parity checks (checks on the number
of bits of information) specifically during storage,
transfer of data, generation of output.
Computer Limitations
Dependence on prepared instruction
The computer performs only what it is programmed to do
and nothing else.
All processing is possible if the computer is given the
right instruction.
It cannot do things by itself.
Computer Limitations
Inability to derive meaning from objects
A computer does not have feelings.
It is unable to respond and recognize living objects.

AI or Artificial Intelligence is in various stages of


development
Computer Limitations
Inability to generate information
The computer cannot generate information on its own.
It is not able to think and perceive relevant aspects of a
given situation.
Computer Limitations
It cannot correct errors in the instruction.
The computer cannot distinguish between correct and
wrong instructions.
It does not have the ability to select and perform only the
right instructions.
Summary
History of Computers
Computer Operations
Types of Computers
Computer Capabilities and Limitations

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