Outlin

Chapter 2: es
Basic Architecture
Computer Input Devices
Hardware Storage Devices
 Primary Memory
 Secondary Memory
 Cloud Storage
 Physical and Logical Storage

Processing Unit
Dr. Rahman Ali, University of Output Devices.
Peshawar. [email protected]
Communication Devices
Mr. Asmat Ali, GHSS Mingora
Swat.
[email protected]
 Basic Architecture of Computer
The basic architecture of computer is based on the components that work
together to perform the computer’s operations.
 Input unit

 Storage unit

 Processing unit

 Output unit.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 3
 Basic Architecture of Computer
 Von Neumann Architecture
• Described by Von Neumann in 1945.
• Stored-program computer rather than fixed-program computer.
• The model describe computer with the following components.
 A CPU, comprised of ALU and registers.
 A CU with instruction register and program counter.
 Main memory
 Secondary memory
 I/O mechanisms.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 4
 Input Devices
• Any device used to input data into computer.
• Allow us to interact with computer.
• A wide range of devices including:
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Scanner
 Audio conversion device
 Biometric e.g. fingerprint sensor
 Barcode reader
 Business card reader
 QR code reader
 Digital camera
 Joystick
 Light pen
 Touch screen
 Medical imaging devices
 Microphone and more.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 5
 Storage Devices
• A device capable of holding data and information.
• Basically two types:
 Primary memory, used to hold programs and programs data.
 Secondary memory, a mass storage device that permanently stores data.

 Primary Memory
• Provides quick access to data and programs.
• Lies between processor and mass storage devices.
• Based on type and purpose, classified to several sub-types:
 RAM
 ROM
 BIOS memory
 Cache memory
 CPU Registers.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 6
 Primary Memory
1. RAM
• Random Access Memory, allows random access of data rather than sequential.
• Holds part of the OS and programs being run by the computer.
• Faster than secondary memory to enable fast data processing.
• Volatile memory.
• Different types including:
 SRAM (Static random access memory)
 SDRAM (Synchronized dynamic random access memory)
 DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM)
 DDR2 SDRAM
 DDR3 SDRAM
 DDR4 SDRAM

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 7
 Primary Memory
2. ROM
• Read Only Memory, a memory on which data is pre-recorded.
• Data written on ROM can’t be modified or with difficulty.
• Non volatile.
• Stores firmware and other programs like those needed to boot computer.
• Used to store the entire OS of some devices like calculators, laser printers etc.

• MROM
 Mask read-only memory.
 Programmed by the manufacturer
 Used to store boot loader and other firmware.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 8
 Primary Memory
2. ROM (continued…)

• PROM
 Programmable read-only memory
 Blank chips on which data could be written only one.

• EPROM
 Erasable programmable read-only memory.
 Data can be erased and re-written.
 Ultraviolet light is used to erase data.

• EEPROM
 Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory.
 Data is erased by exposing the chip to an electric charge.
 Similar to flash memory.
 Allows to write data one byte at a time rather than in blocks.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 9
 Primary Memory
3. BIOS Memory
• Built into the motherboard.
• Non volatile.
• Stores BIOS settings.
• Traditionally called CMOS RAM as it uses a volatile Complementary Metal-
Oxide Semiconductor SRAM powered by the "CMOS" battery.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 10
 Primary Memory
4. Cache Memory
• Integrated directly with CPU.
• Faster than RAM.
• Smaller size.
• Stores frequently accessed instructions.

5. CPU Registers
• Inside CPU.
• Provides very fast access to data e.g. an instruction, address or character.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 11
 Secondary Memory
• Non-volatile memory.
• Permanently stores data until deleted.
• Large capacity.
• Slower.
• Examples: Hard drive, SSD drive, Flash memory.

1. Hard Disk Drive

• Magnetic storage device.
• One or more platters in air sealed casing.
• Magnetic head reads and writes the data.
• Connected to the motherboard via ATA, SCSI
or SATA cables.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 12
 Secondary Memory
1. HDD (continued…)
• Reading
 To transfer data from secondary memory to main memory.

• Writing
 To transfer data from main memory to secondary memory.

• Read/Write Head
 Reads and writes data into the platter.
 One or more, depending upon the number of
platters.
 Three types:
1. Positioned at a fixed distance form the
platter.
2. Some come in physical contact with the
platter during read/write.
3. Some rest lightly on the platter surface.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 13
 Secondary Memory
1. HDD (continued…)

• Disk Formatting
 Tracks and sectors to store data.
 1 track = 30 sectors.
 1 sector = 600 bytes (storing 512 kb data)

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 14
 Secondary Memory
2. Solid State Drive
• Latest technology used in secondary storage devices.
• Much like RAM memory, but non-volatile.
• Advantages
 No moving parts.
 Much faster than HDD.
 Low power consumption.
 No noise and vibration.
 Generates lesser heat.
 Light in weight.
 More reliable than HDD

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 15
 Secondary Memory
3. External Hard Disk

• External storage device.

• Connects via USB or other port.

4. RAID
• Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
• Two or more HDDs or SSDs integrated
together.
• Redundancy in data.
• Increased speed.
• Concurrent access to data.
• Disk mirroring.
• Disk stripping.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 16
 Secondary Memory
5. Optical Storage
• Optically readable media.
• Light is used to read/write data.
• Examples: CD and DVD disks.

6. Flash Memory

• Electrically erasable memory.

• Developed using the concept of EEPROM.
• Data is erased block by block rather than byte
by byte.
• Faster than EEPROM.
• Examples: USB stick, memory card, SSD.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 17
 Secondary Memory
7. Cloud Storage
• Online data storage and maintenance.
• The hosting company is responsible for keeping
the data available and accessible.

• Data made available over the internet.

• Personal Cloud
 Provides memory space to individuals to store and share data.
 Google Drive, Dropbox.

• Public Cloud
 Third party provides and maintains computing resources to individuals and
organizations.
 Accessed online using a web browser.
 Amazon Web Service, Microsoft Azure.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 18
 Secondary Memory
7. Cloud Storage (continued…)

• Private Cloud
 Enterprise cloud.
 Created for the dedicated use of a single organization.
 The organization runs its own cloud servers and has a
direct control over the infrastructure.

• Hybrid Cloud
 Private cloud as well as third party public
cloud.
 Intended to distribute workload across two
platforms.
 Requires high level of compatibility between
the platforms.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 19
 Physical and Logical Storage
• Physical Storage
 Refers to the storage device that physically exists.
 Contains a specific amount of unallocated memory space.
 Examples: Hard drive, USB drive, SSD etc.

• Logical Storage
 Virtual space allocated within a physical drive.
 One or more partitions in the physical storage device.
 One physical drive can have multiple logical drives and vice versa.

(a) Physical Storage (b) Logical Storage

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 20
 Processing Unit
• Central processing unit (CPU).
• Handles the instructions received form hardware and software.
• Four basic components:
 CU
 ALU
 Processor buses
 Processor memory.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 21
 Processing Unit
 Control Unit
• Controls and directs operations.
• Extracts, decodes and executes
instructions.
• Controls flow of data.

 Arithmetic Logic Unit

• Arithmetic Unit
 Performs arithmetic operations, e.g.
addition, subtraction.

• Logic Unit
 Logical Operations, e.g. less than,
greater than.
 Decision operations.
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 22
 Processing Unit
 CPU Memory
• Random access memory.
• Faster than regular RAM.
• Integrated with CPU or as a separate
chip.
• Cache memory.
• CPU registers.

 CPU Buses
• Communication media.
• Interconnect chips within CPU.
• Communicate CPU components
with motherboard.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 23
 Output Devices
• Peripherals that output data in some form.
• Display, e.g. on a monitor.
• Physical production, e.g. printing a document.
• Examples:
 Printer
 Monitor
 Headphones
 Speaker
 Plotter
 Projector
 GPS
 Sound card
 Video card.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 24
 Communication Devices
These are the devices that assist a computer to connect to, and send or receive
data over a network.

 Wi-Fi Adapter
• Radio waves based communication.
• On sender device, it transforms the data into radio
signals.

• On receiver side, decodes the signal it receives

from the router.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 25
 Communication Devices
 Bluetooth
• Radio waves based wireless technology.
• Communication over short distances.
• Personal area network.
• High level of security.

 Network Interface Card

• NIC.
• Connects a device to the rest of the
network.
• Interface between a computer and a
network e.g. a LAN or the internet.
• Add-in card, either fitted in an expansion
slot or connected via USB port.

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 26
 References

 Ali, R. & Ali, A. (2018). Chapter 2: Computer Hardware. Introduction to

Computer and ICT – 1st Edition (pp. 23-35). Mahla Jangi, Qissa Khawani,
Peshawar, Pakistan: Al-ilum Publications.
 Thanks!
Any Questions
?