Introduction to

Computers
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 What are computers?

Computers are electronic devices that can

follow instructions to accept input, process the
input and then produce information.

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Look inside the computer SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

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 Computers are made of
1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE

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Hardware

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 Hardware

The parts of computer itself (tangible objects )

including :
 CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or
Main Memory)
 Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse
 Output devices
 Storage devices
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The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet)

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 Hardware

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2. Input units
3. Output units
4. Memory (Main or Primary Memory
& Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)

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Components of a Computer System
Central
Central Processing
Processing Unit
Unit (CPU)
(CPU)
Data
control unit (CU)

Memory output
Arithmetic
logic RAM units
Input
Unit (ALU)
units ROM

Auxiliary Information
Memory /Knowledge
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 Hardware Organization
Input Devices ...

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
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 Early Computing
Hardware
The Slide rule

The Chinese Abacus

The gear replaced the beads in

early mechanical calculators
 Jaquard looms

sed punched cards to weave different patterns

The Difference
Engine
Part of Babbage's
difference engine,
assembled after his
death by Babbage's
son, using parts found
in his laboratory.

The London Science

Museum's replica
Difference Engine,
built from Babbage's
design.
The First Programmer
Augusta Ada King,
Countess of Lovelace
(December 10, 1815 –
November 27, 1852),
born Augusta Ada
Byron, is mainly known
for having written a
description of Charles
Babbage's early
mechanical general-
purpose computer,
The programming theADA is named after
language
analytical
her. engine.
ENIAC – the first electronic computer

Physically, ENIAC was

massive compared to modern
PC standards. It contained
17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200
crystal diodes, 1,500 relays,
70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors and around 5
million hand-soldered joints.
It weighed 27 tons, was
roughly 2.4 m by 0.9 m by 30
m, took up 167 m², and
consumed 150 kW of power.
2000:
Intel Pentium
4 Processor
Clock speed:
1.5 GHz
No.
Transistors:
42 million
Technology:
0.18μm CMOS
Google Data Center
Google Data Center –
!Cooling it
 Input Devices

• Translate data from form that humans

understand to one that the computer can
work with
• Most common are keyboard and mouse

Selector Buttons

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 Examples of Input Devices
1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard)
ATM: automatic teller machine
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, … etc.)
5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin ,
Bar code scanners)
6. Microphone
7. Joystick .
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Examples of Input Devices(2)

8. Point and Draw devices

9. Trackball
10. Touchpad
11. Touch screen
12. Magnetic stripes and smart cars.
13. Digital Cameras

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Hardware Organization
CPU

memory

hard drive
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Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• A specific chip or the processor

a CPU's performance is determined by
the rest of the computers circuitry and
chips.
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
performs the actual processing of data
• The speed (clock speed) of CPU
measured by Hertz (MHz)

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The CPU consists of :

 Control Unit (CU)

 Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
 Some Registers

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The Control Unit (CU) :
coordinates all activities of the
computer by:

• Determining which operations to perform

and in what order to carry them out.
• The CU transmits coordinating control
signals to other computer components.

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The ALU :
consists of electronic circuitry to
perform:

• Arithmetic operations (addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division)
• Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and
to make some comparisons (less-than,
equal, … etc.)

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Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
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Primary Memory

• Memory (fast, expensive, short-term

memory): Enables a computer to store,
at least temporarily, data, programs,
and intermediate results.

• Two general parts:

1.RAM
2.ROM

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 RAM (Main Memory)
• its a primary storage or random access memory
(RAM).
• it temporarily holds data and programs for use during
processing (volatile)
• Any information stored in RAM is lost when the
computer is turned off.
• RAM is the memory that the computer uses to
temporarily store the information as it is being
processed. The more information being processed the
more RAM the computer needs.
• RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a
unique address which distinguishes it from other cells.

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 ROM: Read Only Memory

ROM is part of memory

 Programmed at manufacturing time
 Its contents cannot be changed by users
 It is a permanent store

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 Secondary Storage
 Stores data and programs permanently: its
retained after the power is turned off
 Examples
• Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
Located outside the CPU, but most often contained in the
system cabinet
• Floppy Disk
• Optical Laser Discs
CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD

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Kinds of Disk Drives

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 Common Secondary Media
• Diskettes
– Data represented as magnetic spots on removable
flexible plastic disks
– Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid plastic
case
– Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or retrieves
the data and writes or stores data

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 Common Secondary Media
• Hard drive

– Data is represented magnetically as with diskettes

– Normally more than one rigid platter in a sealed
unit
– These disks are not removable
– Significantly more capacity and faster operating
than diskettes

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Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
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 Common Secondary Media
 Optical Laser Discs
• CD ROM & DVD’s
• Data is represented as pits and lands
• Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some
Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW)
• Significantly more capacity and faster operating
than diskettes

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DVD: Digital Video Disk
 Hardware Organization
CPU

memory

hard drive
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Output …
 CPU
Output Devices

Pieces of equipment that translate the

processed information from the CPU into a
form that humans can understand.
at sed
n
io
rm s
fo ce
in Pro

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 Output Devices

 Monitors
 Printers
 Dot matrix printers
 Ink jet printers
 Laser printers
 Sound Blasters (Sound Card By Creative Lab)
 Controlling other devices
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 Software

The instructions that tell the computer

what to do
1. Application Software - helps end-users
perform general purpose tasks
2. System Software - enables application
software to interact with the computer

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 System Software
The most important

System Software
is the

Operating System

:Examples of operating systems

Windows XP, DOS, Apple, UNIX

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 System Software

• The software that controls everything

that happens in a computer.
• Background software, manages the
computer’s internal resources

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Resources examples : CPU, RAM , I/O devices, …
 Application Software – Basic Tools

• Word processors– example: Microsoft

word
• Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft
Excel
• Database managers-- example:
Microsoft Access
• Graphics-- example: Photoshop
Spreadsheets: Computer software that allows the user to enter 45
columns and rows of numbers in a accounting book like format.
 Units of Measurements

 Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0)

 Byte = 8 bits

 KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes

 MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB
 GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB
 TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB

Remark: 1024=210
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 Four Kinds of Computers
1. Microcomputers 2. Minicomputers

3. Mainframe computers 4. Supercomputers

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• Microcomputer =>Personal
Computer => PC
• There are 3 types of the
Microcomputers :
1.Laptop
2.Desktop
3.Workstation

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• Personal Computer: A small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor.
• Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but
it has :
 a more powerful microprocessor and,
 in general, a higher-quality monitor.

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 Minicomputer, Mainframe, and
Supercomputer

• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable

of supporting up to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
simultaneously
• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
simultaneously
• Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.
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 Minicomputers
• Desk-sized
• More processing speed and
storage capacity than
microcomputers
• General data processing needs
at small companies
• Larger companies use them
for specific purposes

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Mainframe Computers
• Larger machines with special
wiring and environmental
controls
• Faster processing and greater
storage than minicomputers
• Typical machine in large
organizations

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 Supercomputers
• The most powerful of the four categories
• Used by very large organizations, particularly
for very math-intensive types of tasks

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Supercomputers

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Characteristics of Computers

1- Store a large amount of data and

information for a long period of
time.

2- process data and information in high

accuracy level .

3- Speed in processing data information.

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Understanding the difference between Data,
Information and Knowledge:

Data Information
Computer
Knowledge

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 Data:
Data is the name given to basic facts such as
names and numbers.
 Information:
Information is data that has been converted
into a more useful or intelligible form.
 Knowledge:
Knowledge arrangement of information and
classifying information of the same type or the
same topic.
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• e. g.

-2 4 0 -3 10 ( data)
data
|| sort
\ /
-3 -2 0 4 10 ( information)
information

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Processing data produces
information, and processing
information produces
knowledge.

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Computer Viruses

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 Computer Viruses

• A computer virus is an application

program designed and written to
destroy other programs.

• It has the ability to:

 Link itself to other programs
 Copy itself (it looks as if it repeats itself)
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 Examples of Viruses

 Monkes
 ABC
 Crabs
 CIH

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 Viruses and Virus Protection

• A virus program
• Infects programs, documents,
databases and more …
• It is man-made
• It can hide and reproduce
• It can lay dormant (inactive)
and then activate

Anti-virus programs can help 63

Sources of Computer Viruses

• Three primary sources

• The Internet
• Via downloads and exchanges
• Diskettes
• Exchanging disks
• Computer networks
• Can spread from one network
to another

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 How do you know if you
have a virus?

• Lack of storage capability

• Decrease in the speed of executing programs
• Unexpected error messages
• Halting the system

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 Virus Protection

• The software package distributed with new

PCs always includes an antiviral program.
The best way to cope with viruses is to
recognize their existence and use an
antiviral, or antivirus program.

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