Chapter 3

Philippine History:
Spaces for Conflict
and Controversies
Learning Objectives:

To interpret historical events using primary

sources.
-To recognize the multiplicity of interpretation
than can be read from a historical text.
-To identify the advantages and disadvantages of
employing critical tools in interpreting historical
events through primary sources
-To demonstrate ability to argue for or against a
particular issue using primary sources.
Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interpretation
History is the study of the past, but a more contemporary
definition is centered on how it impacts the present through its
consequences. Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as "the
attempt to discover, on the basis of fragmentary evidence, the
significant things about the past." He also notes the history we
read, though based on facts, is strictly speaking, not factual at
all, but a series of accepted judgments " Such judgments of
historians on how the past should be seen make the foundation
of historical interpretation
The Code of Kalantiaw
A mythical legal code in the
epic history Maragtas. Before it
was revealed as a hoax, it was
a source of pride for the
people of Aklan. In fact, a
historical marker was installed
in the town of Bataan, Aklan in
1956, with the following text:
It was only in 1968 that it was proved a hoax, when William
Henry Scott, then a doctoral candidate at the University of
Santo Tomas, defended his research on pre-Hispanic sources
in Philippine history. He attributed the code to a historical
fiction written in 1913 by Jose E. Mareo titled La Antiguas
Leyendas de la Iela de Negros. Marco attributed the code itself
to a priest named Jose Maria Pavon. Prominent Filipino
historians did not dissent to Scott's findings, but there are still
some who would like to believe that the code is a legitimate
document.
There exists no manuscript of the poem
handwritten by Rizal. The poem was
first published in 1906, in a book by
Hermenegildo Cruz. Cruz said he
received the poem from Gabriel Beato
Francisco, who claimed to have
received it in 1884 from Rizal's close
friend, Saturnino Raselis. Rizal never
mentioned writing this poem anywhere
in his writings, and more importantly,
he never mentioned of having a close
friend by the person of Raselis.
Further criticism of the poem reveals more about the wrongful
attribution of the poem to Rizal. The poem was written in Tagalog and
referred to the word "kalayaan." But it was documented in Rizal's letters
that he first encountered the word through a Marcelo H. del Pilar’s
translation of Rizal's essay "El Amor Patrio," where it was spelled as
kalayahan.“

While Rizal's native tongue was Tagalog, he was educated in

Spanish, starting from his mother, Teodora Alonso. Later on, he would
express disappointment in his difficulty in expressing himself in his
native tongue. The poem's spelling is also suspect -the use of letters "k"
and "w" to replace "c" and "u," respectively was suggested by Rizal as an
adult. If the poem was indeed written during his time, it should use the
original Spanish orthography that was prevalent in his time.
Interpretation – the
utilization of facts collected
from primary sources of
history and then draw their
own reading so that their
intended audience may
understand the historical
event, a process that in
essence, "makes sense of
the past
Multiperspectivity-
This can be defined as a
way of looking at
historical events,
personalities,
developments, cultures,
and societies from
different perspectives
Multiperspectivity as an approach in history-
we must understand that historical interpretations
contain discrepancies, contradictions, ambiguities,
and are often the focus of dissent. Exploring multiple
perspectives in history requires incorporating source
materials that reflect different views of an event in
history, because Singular historical narratives do not
provide for space to inquire and Investigate.
 CASE
STUDY

Where Did the 1

First Catholic Mass
Take
Place in the Philippines?
Butuan has long been believed as the
site of the first Mass In fact. this has
been the case for three centuries,
culminating in the erection of a
monument in 1872 near Agusan River,
which commemorates the
expedition’s arrival and celebration of
Mass on 8 April 1521. The Butuan
claim has been based on a rather
elementary reading of primary
sources from the event.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century and
the start of the twentieth century, together with
the increasing scholarship on the history of the
Philippines, a more nuanced reading of the
available evidence was made which brought to
light more considerations in going against the
more accepted interpretation of the first Mass
in the Philippines, made both by Spanish and
Filipino scholar.
It must be noted that there are only two primary sources that
historian refer to in identifying the site of the first Mass. One is
the log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan's
ship, Trinidad. He was one of the 18 survivors who returned
with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they
circumnavigated the world. The other, and the more complete,
was the account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio indorno al
mondo (First Voyage Around the World). Pigafetta, like Albo,
was a member of the Magellan expedition and an eyewitness
of the event, particularly of the first mass.
The Age of Exploration is a period of
competition among European Rulers to
conquer and colonize lands outside their
original domains. Initially, the goal was to find
alternative routes by sea to get to Asia, The
main source of spices and other
commodities. Existing routes to Asia Were
mainly by land and cost very expensive. A
sea route to Asia means That Europeans
could access the spice trade directly, greatly
reducing Costs for traders. Spain’s major
foray into the exploration was through
Christopher Columbus, who proposed to sail
westward to find a shortcut To Asia. He was
able to reach the Americas, which was then
cut-off from The rest of the known world.
Spain colonized parts of North America,
Mexico, and South America in He sixteenth
century. They were also be able to Reach the
Philippines and Claim it for the Spanish
crown. Later on, other European rulers would
Compete with the activities of exploring and
conquering lands
It must also be pointed out that later on, after
Magellan s death, the Survivors of his
expedition went to Mindanao, and seemingly
went to Butuan in this instance, Pigafetta
vividly describes a trip in a river. But note that
This account already happened after
Magellan’s death.
 PRACTICAL USES OF THIS
SUBJECT

MERCURY MARS SATURN

Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is the ringed one
planet to the Sun a cold place and a gas giant

VENUS NEPTUNE JUPITER

Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest It’s the biggest planet in
name, but it’s quite hot planet from the Sun our Solar System
 MULTIMEDIA

You can insert your own

multimedia content here. It
could be a nice addition to
your lesson, making it more
entertaining
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
 DID YOU KNOW THIS?

01 02 03

SATURN NEPTUNE VENUS

Yes, this is the Neptune is the It has a beautiful
ringed planet. It’s a farthest planet from name and is the
gas giant, the Sun and the second planet from
composed of fourth-largest by the Sun. It’s quite hot,
hydrogen and diameter in our Solar even hotter than
helium System Mercury
 Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust,
which gives the planet its reddish cast
PROBLEM

Venus has a beautiful name and is the

second planet from the Sun. It’s
SOLUTION
terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury
 THIS IS A TABLE

1350 1400 1450 1500 1550

VENUS 123 444 321 235 452

MARS 457 864 1000 567 678

JUPITER 34 76 125 97 76
AWESOME
WORDS
 HISTORICAL DATA
VENUS A
Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s terribly hot C

MARS B B
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place
A

JUPITER C
It’s the biggest planet in our
Solar System
If you want to modify this graph, click on it, follow the
link, change the data and replace it here
 PROCESS

Mercury is the Despite being red,

closest planet to the it’s actually a cold
Sun place
1390 MERCURY 1530 MARS

VENUS 1450 SATURN 1610

Venus is the It’s composed of
second planet hydrogen and
from the Sun helium
 OVERVIEW DIAGRAM

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s terribly hot

MARS JUPITER SATURN

Despite being red, it’s It’s the biggest planet in It’s composed of
actually a cold place our Solar System hydrogen and helium
 EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the
name of each part

_____
Mercury is the smallest
of them all
_____
Despite being red, _____
Mars is a cold place
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s too hot
 ASSIGNMENT

1. Venus has a beautiful name,

but it’s terribly hot

2. Mercury is the closest

planet to the Sun

3. Despite being red, Mars is

actually a cold place
 THANK Do you have any questions?

[email protected]

S
+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com

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