MECHANICS OF MATERIALS II

TMME:3101
Course Instructor.

Name: Dr. Perez Mukasa

Mob: (+256)761 519 346
Email: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION
Objective
To study the behavior of materials under various types of loading and stress. This will involve analysis of the deflections
resulting, the stresses & strains setup within the materials thus designing components that will not fail during their service
life.

Grading

Criterion Max Number Contribution to final mark

Assignments 5 10%
Project 1 10%
Tests 2 20%
Final Examination 1 60%

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Course outline
TOPIC ESTIMATED HOURS
1. Deflection of beams: simply supported & cantilevers
- Direct integration method 4 hours
- Macaulay’s method

2. Deflection of beams: Built – in and continuous beams 4 hours

3. Review of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Self - study

4. Elastic stability: Struts 6 hours

5. Thick cylinders 6 hours
6. Strain energy & springs 6 hours
7. Rings, discs and shafts subjected to rotational & thermal 6 hours
gradients
8. Bending of circular plates & diaphragms 4 hours
9. Continuous Assessment Tests 4 hours
10. Tutorials 5 hours
11. Practical lessons: Deflection of beams, struts and thick 30 hours
cylinders 3
References

 Stephens R.C (1988). “Strength of Materials, Theory and Examples”. Edward Arnold Educational, Academic
and Medical Publishing Division of Hodder and Stoughton Limited, 41 Bedford Square, London, UK.
 Hearn J.E (1999). “Mechanics of Materials 2”. An introduction to the mechanics of elastic and plastic
deformation of solids and structural members. Third Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan
Hill, Oxford OX2 225 Wildwood Avenues, Woburn, MA 01801-2041.A division of Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd
 Gere J.M and Timoshenko S.P (1990). “Mechanics of Materials, Second SI Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold
(International) Company Limited. 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P4EE.
 Case .J, Chilver. L and Ross C.T.F (1999). “Strength of Materials and Structures, Fourth Edition. John Wiley
& Sons Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY10158-0012.

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SLOPE & DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

Introduction
 In engineering design, there are two types of design limits that are commonly used to size components or
structures:

(a) Stress limits – Set such that component does not fail or yield under the anticipated most severe load
conditions
(b) Maximum deflection limits – Used when the maximum stress does not place the most severe
restriction for the design

 In this section, methods to determine (predict) the deflection of members under lateral loading will be
discussed.

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Relationship between loading, shear force (SF), bending moment (BM), slope and
deflection

Slope at any point, is

This slope is very small, hence; ,

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Relationship between loading, shear force (SF), bending moment (BM), slope and
deflection II

Therefore,

From Bending theory;

Substituting for 1/R;

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Relationship between loading, shear force (SF), bending moment (BM), slope and
deflection III
Consider a small element of a beam carrying a uniformly distributed load,

F F + dF
𝜔
G
H

M M M + dM M + dM

E F

dx F + dF
F

Considering vertical equilibrium of forces

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Relationship between loading, shear force (SF), bending moment (BM), slope and
deflection IV

F F + dF
𝜔
G
H

M M M + dM M + dM

E F

dx F + dF
F

Taking moments about the right hand end of the element

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Relationship between loading, shear force (SF), bending moment (BM), slope and
deflection V

Summary

Variable Equation
Deflection
Slope

Bending moment, M

Shear force, F

Loading distribution,

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Sign convention

Positive shear Positive bending

Negative bending
Negative shear

 If the resultant force to the right of a section is upward (or to the left of a section is downward), this will be
regarded as a positive shearing force and the opposite kind of shearing force will be regarded as negative.

 If the resultant bending moment to the right of a section is clockwise (or to the left is anticlockwise), this is
regarded as a positive bending moment and the opposite kind of bending will be regarded as negative.
Hence, a positive BM bends the beam convex upward and a negative BM bends it convex downward.

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DIRECT INTEGRATION METHOD

Introduction
 This method is usable if the general expression for BM that applies for the entire beam is known or can be
determined i.e.

From, , then;
and

 Constants A and B are determined from known values of slopes and deflections at particular values of x

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Cantilever with end concentrated load, P
Taking the fixed end as the origin;
L P

But when, x = 0, hence, A = 0

x

Also when, x = 0, y = 0, hence, B = 0

Maximum slope and deflection

 Maximum slope and deflection in this case occur at the free end; i.e. at x = L
Therefore,
and

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 Cantilever with Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL),
Taking the fixed end as the origin;
L

/unit length
Integrating;
x
But when, x = 0, hence, A = 0

Also when, x = 0, y = 0, hence, B = 0

Maximum slope and deflection

 Maximum slope and deflection in this case occur at the free end; i.e. at x = L

Therefore; and

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Cantilever with end couple (moment), M
L Taking the fixed end as the origin;

M
x
But when, x = 0, hence, A = 0

Also when, x = 0, y = 0, hence, B = 0

Maximum slope and deflection

 Maximum slope and deflection in this case occur at the free end; i.e. at x = L

Therefore; and

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Simply supported beam with UDL,
L  The reactions at the supports can be determined with help of
equilibrium equations as; , each
/unit length  Taking the LH side support as the origin;
𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐿
2 x 2

 Hence,
&  At x = 0, y = 0, hence B = 0
 At x = L, y = 0, hence,

Maximum deflection and slope

 Substituting for A and B;  Max deflection occurs at centre, when x = L/2;
and

 Maximum slope occurs at supports (x = 0 and x = L)

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Simply supported beam with Central concentrated load, P
L  The reactions at the supports can be determined with help of
𝐿/2 equilibrium concepts as; , each
P
𝑃  To get a BM expression that applies for the entire span, the
𝑃
2 x 2 centre of the beam is taken as origin;

 Hence,
 At x = 0, = 0, hence A = 0
 At x = L/2, y = 0, hence, B

Maximum deflection and slope

 Hence;  Max deflection occurs at centre, when x = 0;
and

 Maximum slope occurs at supports (i.e. x = L/2)

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Summary of the standard beam conditions covered
Case Magnitude of Maximum Maximum deflection,
slope,

Cantilever with end

concentrated load, P
Cantilever with UDL,

Cantilever with end

couple, M
Simply supported beam
with UDL,
Simply supported beam
with central
concentrated load, P

Note
 With the sign convention used for BM, deflections are positive downwards and slopes are positive
downwards moving away from the origin.
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Non – uniformly distributed loads
Illustration Example
 Consider a cantilever carrying a load that changes from intensity on one side to on the other

 In this case its convenient to start with the general loading

expression, at x from the fixed end
3𝜔 𝜔𝑥 𝜔
x
Integrating,
L
 SF = 0 at x = L, hence,

Substituting for A and integrating;

 BM = 0 at x = L, the free end. Thus,

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Non – uniformly distributed loads II
Substituting for B and integrating again;

3𝜔 𝜔𝑥  at x = 0, hence, C = 0.
𝜔
x
 At x = 0, y = 0, hence D = 0
L

Deflection and slope at the free end

 Obtained by substituting, x = L
and

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“Insanity: Doing the same thing over and over
again and expecting different results.” – Albert
Einstein

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