Chapter 01

Personal Finance Basics and the

Time Value of Money

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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 Chapter 1
Learning Objectives
1. Analyze the process for making personal
financial decisions
2. Develop personal financial goals
3. Assess personal and economic factors that
influence personal financial planning
4. Calculate time value of money situations
associated with personal financial decisions
5. Identify strategies for achieving personal
financial goals for different life situations

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The Financial Planning Process

Objective 1: Analyze the process for making

personal financial decisions

What is Personal Financial Planning? …..

The process of managing your money to achieve
personal economic satisfaction.

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The Financial Planning Process

Advantages of Personal Financial Planning are:

1. Increased effectiveness in obtaining, using and protecting financial resources.

2. Increased control of one’s financial affairs

3. Improved personal relationships

- Kalau kita jwb soalan customer genuinely, akan lahirnya kepercayaan

4. Sense of freedom from financial worries

- Tahu nak save banyak mana – can reduce financial worries as time goes

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Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning

Continued… 1-5
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 1: DETERMINE YOUR CURRENT
FINANCIAL SITUATION
• Evaluate income, savings, living
expenses, and debts
• Prepare a list of current asset and debt
balances and amount spent for various
items
• Match financial goals to current income
and potential earning power

Continued… 1-6
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 2: DEVELOP YOUR FINANCIAL
GOALS
• Identify feelings about money and the reasons
for those feelings
• Determine the source of your feelings about
money
• Determine the effects of the economy on your
goals and priorities
• Make sure that your goals are your own and
are specific to your situation
Continued… 1-7
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning

Step 3: IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE COURSES

OF ACTION

• Possible courses of action can be:

– Continue the same course of action
– Expand the current situation
– Change the current situation
– Take a new course of action
Continued… 1-8
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 3: IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE
COURSES OF ACTION (continued)

• Creativity in decision making is vital to

effective choices

• “Do nothing” can be a dangerous alternative

Continued… 1-9
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 4: EVALUATE YOUR ALTERNATIVES
• CONSEQUENCES OF CHOICES
– Opportunity cost - What you give up when
you make a choice
– The cost or trade-off of a decision cannot
always be measured in dollars. Sometimes
the cost is your time

Continued… 1-10
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 4: EVALUATE YOUR ALTERNATIVES

• EVALUATING RISK
– Uncertainty is a part of every decision.
– Best way to analyze and minimize risk is to
gather information from financial planning
sources. (Exhibit 1-3)

Continued… 1-11
 Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning

Step 5: CREATE AND IMPLEMENT YOUR

FINANCIAL ACTION PLAN

– Develop an action plan that identifies ways to

achieve financial goals

– Possible action plans can be increasing savings,

reducing spending, or making provisions for
taxes

– To implement action plans you may need

assistance from others
Continued… 1-12
Six-step Procedure for Financial
Planning
Step 6: REVIEW AND REVISE YOUR PLAN

• Financial planning decisions need to be assessed

regularly

• Complete review should be done at least once a

year

• More frequent reviews may be required for

changing personal, social, and economic factors

• Regular reviews of decision-making process can

help in making priority adjustments to achieve
financial goals 1-13
Developing Personal Financial Goals
Objective 2: Develop personal financial goals
• TYPES OF FINANCIAL GOALS can be:

a) Influenced by b) Influenced by the

the time frame in financial need that
which you want to drives your goals
achieve your goals

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 Developing Personal Financial
Goals
Objective 2: Develop personal financial goals

• TIMING OF GOALS
– Short-term, intermediate and long-term goals
– Long term goals should be planned in coordination
with short-term and intermediate goals

• GOALS FOR DIFFERENT FINANCIAL NEEDS

– Consumer product goals
– Durable-product goals
– Intangible-purchase goals: realistic,

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Developing Personal Financial
Goals (continued)

GOAL-SETTING GUIDELINES

• Goals should be:

– Specific: know what your goals are to create a plan
– Measurable: with a specific amount
– Action-oriented: identify the personal financial activities
– Realistic: utilizing your income and life situation
– Time-based: identify the time frame to achieve the goal

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Influences on Personal Financial
Planning
Objective 3: Assess personal and economic
factors that influence personal financial
planning

LIFE SITUATION AND PERSONAL VALUES

• Adult life cycle stage
• Marital status, household size, and employment
• Major events
– Graduation, marriage, career change, children,
retirement, etc
• Values influence spending and saving decisions

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Influences on Personal Financial
Planning (continued)
ECONOMIC FACTORS

• Forces of Supply and Demand on setting prices

• Economics is the study of how wealth is created and

distributed

• The economic environment includes different

institutions

• Federal Reserve Bank and it’s role in the economy

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Influences on Personal Financial
Planning (continued)
GLOBAL INFLUENCES
• Global marketplace influences financial
activities
• American companies compete against foreign
companies for US dollars
• Balance of exports and imports
• Foreign investments and their role in the US
Money Supply
• The level of Money Supply affects interest
rates
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Influences on Personal Financial
Planning (continued)
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
•Consumer prices
•Consumer spending
•Interest rates
•Money Supply
•Unemployment
•Housing Starts
•Gross domestic product (GDP)
•Trade balance
•Stock market indexes
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 Tools in every financial situation

• Reduce debt usage

• Reduce spending
• Review savings investments
• Evaluate insurance coverage
• Avoid financial scams
• Communicate with family

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Influences on Personal Financial
Planning (continued)

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 Opportunity Costs and the
Time Value of Money
• Every financial decision involves giving up
something to obtain something else

PERSONAL OPPORTUNITY COSTS

• Time

• Other personal opportunity costs can be related to

health, leisure etc.
• Personal resources like financial resources
require careful management

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Opportunity Costs and the Time
Value of Money (continued)
FINANCIAL OPPORTUNITY COSTS

Time Value of Money

• Increases in an amount of money as a
result of interest earned
• Saving today means more money tomorrow.
Spending means lost interest
• Saving and spending decisions involve
considering the trade-offs. Current needs
can make spending worthwhile

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Opportunity Costs and the Time
Value of Money (continued)

INTEREST CALCULATIONS

• Three amounts are required to calculate the

time value of money
– Principal
– Interest rate
– Time

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Opportunity Costs and the Time
Value of Money (continued)
COMPUTING SIMPLE INTEREST
(Amount in savings) x (annual interest
rate) x (time period) = (interest)

For Example:
$100 x 5% x 1 (1 year)
100 x .05 x 1 = $5.00

In one year you have $100 in principal

plus $5.00 in interest for a total of $105 at
the end of the year

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Opportunity Costs and the Time
Value of Money (continued)
1) FUTURE VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT
• Future value is the amount to which current
savings will increase based on a certain interest
rate and a certain time period
• Future value is also call compounding - earning
interest on previously earned interest
2) FUTURE VALUE OF A SERIES OF
DEPOSITS
• Future value can be computed for a single
amount or for a series of deposits called an
annuity
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Opportunity Costs and the Time
Value of Money (continued)
3) PRESENT VALUE OF A SINGLE AMOUNT
• Present Value is the current value of a future amount
based on a certain interest rate and a certain time
period
• Present value calculations are also called discounting
• The present value of the amount you want in the future
will always be less than the future value (See Exhibit
1-8C)
4) PRESENT VALUE OF A SERIES OF DEPOSITS
• Present value can be computed for a single amount or
for a series of deposits (See Exhibit 1-8D)
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 Methods for computing Time
Value of Money

• Formulas
• Time value of money tables
• Financial calculators
• Spreadsheet software
• Time value of money web sites
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 Achieving Financial Goals
Objective 5: Identify strategies for achieving
personal financial goals different life situations
COMPONENTS OF PERSONAL FINANCIAL
PLANNING
• Obtaining (chapter 2)

• Planning (chapters 3, 4)

• Saving (chapter 5)

• Borrowing (chapters 6, 7)

• Spending (chapters 8, 9)

• Managing risk (chapters 10-12)

• Investing (chapters 13-17)

• Retirement and estate planning (chapters 18, 19) 1-30

 Achieving Financial Goals (continued)
DEVELOPING A FLEXIBLE FINANCIAL PLAN
• A financial plan is a formalized report that...
– Summarizes your current financial situation
– Analyzes your financial needs
– Recommends future financial activities

• Your financial plan can be created by you, with

assistance from a financial planner, or made
using a money management software package

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Achieving Financial Goals (continued)
IMPLEMENTING YOUR FINANCIAL PLAN
• Develop good financial habits
– Use a well conceived spending plan to help you
stay within your income, while allowing you to
save and invest for the future
– Have appropriate insurance protection to
prevent financial disasters
– Become informed about tax and investment
alternatives

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