Data Mining

Dr. Shahid Mahmood Awan

http://turing.cs.pub.ro/mas_11
curs.cs.pub.ro
[email protected]
University of Management and Technology

Fall 2018
 Chapter 2: Getting to Know Your Data

 Data Objects and Attribute Types

 Basic Statistical Descriptions of Data

 Data Visualization

 Measuring Data Similarity and Dissimilarity

 Summary

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2.2 Basic Statistical Descriptions of Data
 Motivation
 To better understand the data: central tendency,
variation and spread

 Data dispersion characteristics

 median, max, min, quantiles, outliers, variance, etc.

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4
 Basic Statistical Descriptions of Data
 Numerical dimensions
 correspond to sorted intervals
 Data dispersion: analyzed with multiple granularities
of precision
 Boxplot or quantile analysis on sorted intervals

 Dispersion analysis on computed measures

 Folding measures into numerical dimensions

 Boxplot or quantile analysis on the transformed cube

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 Measuring the Central Tendency
 Mean (algebraic measure) (sample vs. population): 1 n
x   xi
n i 1
Note: n is sample size and N is population size.
 Weighted arithmetic mean:
 Trimmed mean: chopping extreme values   x
N

w x i i
x i 1
n

w
i 1
i

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 Activity
 Calculate Mean,

 Data: 3, 1, 5

 Data: Class CGPA

 Suppose we have the following values for

salary (in thousands of dollars), shown in
increasing order: 30, 36, 47, 50, 52, 52, 56,
60, 63, 70, 70, 110.
 Sample Grade Data
A A- B+ B B- C+ C C- F SA

> 85 80-84 75-79 70-74 63-69 60-62 55-59 50-54 < 50 …..

6 10 14 18 15 12 8 6 2 1

20 B
18
16
14 B+ B- C+
12 A-
10
8
A
6
4
2
0

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 Measuring the Central Tendency…

 Mode
 Value that occurs most frequently in the data
 1,2,3,3,3,4,4,5 (mode = 3)

 Unimodal, bimodal, trimodal

 Empirical formula:

Fm  Fm 1
mod e  L  ( ) width Mode
( Fm  Fm 1 )  ( Fm  Fm 1 ) interval

mean  mode  3  (mean  median)

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 Measuring the Central Tendency…
 Median:
 Middle value if odd number of values, or average of the
middle two values otherwise
 Estimated by interpolation (for grouped data):

n / 2  ( freq ) l
median  L1  ( ) width Median
freq median interval

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 Measuring the Central Tendency…
 Midrange
 Average of max and min values

 (Max + Min)/2
 Activity
 Calculate Median, Mode, Midrange

 Data: 3, 1, 5

 Data: Class CGPA

 Suppose we have the following values for

salary (in thousands of dollars), shown in
increasing order: 30, 36, 47, 50, 52, 52, 56,
60, 63, 70, 70, 110.
 Class Activity
 A student has gotten the following grades on his
tests: 87, 95, 76, and 88.
 He wants an 85 or better overall. What is the
minimum grade he must get on the last test in
order to achieve that average?

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 A student has gotten the following grades on his
tests: 87, 95, 76, and 88.
 He wants an 85 or better overall. What is the
minimum grade he must get on the last test in
order to achieve that average?

The unknown score is "x". Then the desired average is:

(87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x) ÷ 5 = 85
Multiplying through by 5 and simplifying, I get:
87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x = 425
346 + x = 425
x = 79
 He needs to get at least a 79 on the last test.

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Symmetric vs. Skewed Data

 Median, mean and mode of symmetric

symmetric, positively and

negatively skewed data

positively skewed negatively skewed

November 13, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 17

 Measuring the Dispersion of Data

 Quartiles, outliers and boxplots

 Quartiles: Q1 (25th percentile), Q3 (75th percentile)

 Inter-quartile range: IQR = Q3 – Q1

 Five number summary: min, Q1, median, Q3, max

 Boxplot: ends of the box are the quartiles; median is marked; add whiskers,

and plot outliers individually

 Outlier: usually, a value higher/lower than 1.5 x IQR

 at least 1.5 x IQR above the third quartile or below the first quartile.

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 Measuring the Dispersion of Data
 Variance and standard deviation (sample: s, population: σ)
 Variance: (algebraic, scalable computation)
 The average of the squared differences from the Mean.

 Standard deviation s (or σ) is the square root of variance s2 (or σ2)

 The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are.

1 n 1 n 2 1 n 2 1 n
1 n
s 
2

n  1 i 1
( xi  x ) 
2
[ xi  ( xi ) ]
n  1 i 1 n i 1
 
2

N

i 1
( xi  
2
) 
N
x
i 1
i
2
 2

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 Standard Deviation
 http://standard-deviation.appspot.com/

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 Python Code Examples
 Describing a numeric Series.  Describing a categorical Series.
 s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
 s.describe()  s = pd.Series(['a', 'a', 'b', 'c'])
 count 3.0  s.describe()
 mean 2.0  count 4
 std 1.0  unique 3
 min 1.0  top a
 25% 1.5  freq 2
 50% 2.0  dtype: object
 75% 2.5
 max 3.0

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 Standard Deviation
A C E
Test Score (X) X–Mean (d) d2
100 50
110 40
120 30
130 20
140 10
150 0
160 -10
170 -20
180 -30
190 -40
200 -50
SUM

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 Standard Deviation
A B C D E
Test Score Frequency X–Mean (d) fd fd2
(X) (f)
100 8 50 400 20,000
110 13 40 520 20,800
120 17 30 510 15,300
130 20 20 400 8,000
140 21 10 210 2,100
150 22 0 0 0
160 21 -10 -210 2,100
170 20 -20 -400 8,000
180 17 -30 -510 15,300
190 13 -40 -520 20,800
200 8 -50 -400 20,000
SUM 180 132,400

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 Example: Dispersion of Data
 30, 36, 47, 50, 52, 52, 56, 60, 63, 70, 70, 110
 Q1
 Q2
 Q3
 IQR
 Five Number Summary
 Variance
 SD
 Boxplot Analysis
 Five-number summary of a distribution
 Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum
 Boxplot
 Data is represented with a box
 The ends of the box are at the first and third
quartiles, i.e., the height of the box is IQR
 The median is marked by a line within the
box
 Whiskers: two lines outside the box extended
to Minimum and Maximum
 Outliers: points beyond a specified outlier
threshold, plotted individually

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 Visualization of Data Dispersion: 3-D Boxplots

November 13, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 27

 Properties of Normal Distribution Curve

 The normal (distribution) curve

 From μ–σ to μ+σ: contains about 68% of the

measurements (μ: mean, σ: standard deviation)

 From μ–2σ to μ+2σ: contains about 95% of it
 From μ–3σ to μ+3σ: contains about 99.7% of it

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Graphic Displays of Basic Statistical Descriptions

 Boxplot: graphic display of five-number summary

 Histogram: x-axis are values, y-axis repres. frequencies
 Quantile plot: each value xi is paired with fi indicating
that approximately 100 fi % of data are  xi
 Quantile-quantile (q-q) plot: graphs the quantiles of
one univariant distribution against the corresponding
quantiles of another
 Scatter plot: each pair of values is a pair of coordinates
and plotted as points in the plane
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 Histogram Analysis
 Histogram: Graph display of
tabulated frequencies, shown as 40
bars 35
 It shows what proportion of cases 30
fall into each of several categories
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 Differs from a bar chart in that it is
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the area of the bar that denotes the
value, not the height as in bar 15
charts, a crucial distinction when the 10
categories are not of uniform width
5
 The categories are usually specified
0
as non-overlapping intervals of 10000 30000 50000 70000 90000
some variable. The categories (bars)
must be adjacent

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Histograms Often Tell More than Boxplots

 The two histograms

shown in the left may
have the same boxplot
representation
 The same values
for: min, Q1,
median, Q3, max
 But they have rather
different data
distributions

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 Quantile Plot
 Displays all of the data (allowing the user to assess both
the overall behavior and unusual occurrences)
 Plots quantile information
 For a data x data sorted in increasing order, f indicates
i i
that approximately 100 fi% of the data are below or
equal to the value xi

Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 32

 Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) Plot
 Graphs the quantiles of one univariate distribution against the
corresponding quantiles of another
 View: Is there is a shift in going from one distribution to another?
 Example shows unit price of items sold at Branch 1 vs. Branch 2 for
each quantile. Unit prices of items sold at Branch 1 tend to be lower
than those at Branch 2.

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 Scatter plot
 Provides a first look at bivariate data to see clusters of
points, outliers, etc
 Each pair of values is treated as a pair of coordinates and
plotted as points in the plane

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Positively and Negatively Correlated Data

 The left half fragment is positively

correlated
 The right half is negative correlated

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Uncorrelated Data

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