Introduction to Computer

What is a Computer?
• A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most
computers rely on a binary system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to
complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and displaying
information. Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from
handheld smartphones to supercomputers weighing more than 300 tons
The basic components of a modern digital computer

• Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from
the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

• Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is

totally internal process of the computer system.

• Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data

processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results
in the storage devices for the future use.

• Storage : Store data for future use.

Example Binary
• 1101000 1100101 1101100 1101100 1101111 100000 1110111
1101111 1110010 1101100 1100100 100001
hello world!
Desktop
• Desktop is a term commonly used to describe a desktop
computer or system unit.
• In reference to software, desktop refers to the desktop
environment, which is a Graphical User Interface metaphor that
allows for interaction between the user and the operating system.
 Desktop Shortcut
Icons Icons

Desktop Background
Picture

Start Button Time and Date

Windows Notification Area

Task Bar
Icon
Basic Hardware Components of Computer System
Basic Parts of the System Unit:
• System Case
• Motherboard
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Power Supply
• Hard disk
• CDROM drive
• Expansion Slot
System Case
• A computer case also known as a
computer chassis, tower, system
unit, cabinet, base unit or simply Tower Case
case and sometimes incorrectly
referred to as the "CPU" or "hard
drive", is the enclosure that
contains most of the components
of a computer.

Desktop
Case
Motherboard
• A printed circuit board
containing the principal
components of a computer or
other device, with connectors
into which other circuit boards
can be slotted. It holds and
allows communication between
many of the crucial electronic
components of a system such
as the central processing unit
(CPU) and memory, and
provides connectors for other
peripherals.
 15 FAN
HEADER
1
ATX 12V 7
Ram
Slot

2
Back Panel I/O 8
CPU Socket

9
3 24 ATX Power Connector
Cmos Battery
4
16x PCIe 10
slot
SATA
1x PCIe 5 11 Port
Slot South
Bridge
PCI
6 12
Slot USB
USB Front 3.0
2.014 13
Panel
 Types of system panel cables
Front
• HDD LED (IDE LED) - The LED activity light for
Panel the hard drive. This is the LED that flashes as
information is being written and read from the
hard drive.

• Power LED (PLED) - The LED power light,

which indicates when the computer is on, off, or
in Standby.

• Power SW (PWRSW) - Controls the power

button that allows you to turn on and off the
computer.

• Reset SW - Handles the reset button to restart

the computer.

• Speaker - The internal speaker used to sound

the beep noises you hear from your computer
when it is booting.
Expansion Slot
• he expansion slot (also
expansion board, adapter card
or accessory card) in computing
is a printed circuit board that
can be inserted into an electrical
connector, or expansion slot on
a computer motherboard,
backplane or riser card to add
functionality to a computer
system via the expansion bus.

• This is where you install the video

card, sound card, LAN car
 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe, PCI-
E)
• Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe or PCI-E) is a serial expansion bus standard for
connecting a computer to one or more peripheral devices.
• PCIe provides lower latency and higher data transfer rates than parallel busses such as PCI and
PCI-X. Every device that's connected to a motherboard with a PCIe link has its own dedicated
point-to-point connection. This means that devices are not competing for bandwidth because
they are not sharing the same bus.
Sound Card
Network Card
Raid Card
Video Card
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• A CPU is the electronic
circuitry within a computer
that carries out the
instructions of a computer
program by performing the
basic arithmetic, logical,
control and input/output
(I/O) operations specified
by the instructions.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM is the physical
hardware inside a computer
that temporarily stores
data, serving as the
computer's "working"
memory. Additional RAM
allows a computer to work
with more information at
the same time, which
usually has a considerable
effect on total system
performance
• What is DDR5?
• DDR5 SDRAM is also being called Double Data Rate 5 • Should you upgrade to DDR5 immediately?
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is
asynchronous dynamic RAM that reduced power consumption • DDR5 is currently in its infant stage and will mature over the years in
and doubles bandwidth. its lifecycle, improving performance and lowering costs. Upgrading to
DDR5 will mean changing the entire CPU and motherboard.
• Going for DDR5 right now is not a good option because currently only
• Intel 12th gen chips and Z690 motherboard support this technology.
DDR5 Vs DDR4 AMD is expected to release support for it in 2022 with the next-gen
Zen 4 Ryzen CPUs.
• The main areas of difference between DDR4 and DDR5 include
performance, capacity, and cost.
• Performance capabilities have improved a lot. The base DDR5
bandwidth (4800 MT/s) performs 50% better as compared to
DDR4 (3200 MT/s). The peak performance though will be visible
at 8400 MT/s for DDR5 in the future and these increased speeds
will help the devices support much higher clock speeds.
• If we talk about latency, DDR5 modules have marginally higher
latency rates as compared to DDR4 which means that the RAM
DIMMs will be slower on paper. Higher clock speeds will cover for
it though.
Power Supply
• A power supply is an
electronic device that
supplies electric energy to
an electrical load. The
primary function of a
power supply is to convert
one form of electrical
energy to another and, as a
result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as
electric power converters.
POWER SUPPLY OR PSU (POWER POWER SUPPLY
SUPPLY UNIT) It converts the alternating
current (AC) into a
CONNECTOR
continuous form of power
that the computer
components need in order to
run normally, called direct
current (DC). It also
regulates overheating by
controlling voltage, which
may change automatically or
manually depending on the
power supply.
 SATA Cable
• SATA, short for Serial ATA (which is an abbreviation for Serial
Advanced Technology Attachment), is an IDE standard first released in
2001 for connecting devices like optical drives and hard drives to
the motherboard.
Hard disk
• The hard disk drive is the main, and
usually largest, data storage
hardware device in a computer. The
operating system, software titles,
and most other files are stored in the
hard disk drive.

• The hard drive is sometimes referred

to as the "C drive" due to the fact
that Microsoft Windows, by default,
designates the "C" drive letter to the
primary partition on the primary hard
drive in a computer.
Old and Newer Hard drive
• SATA - Serial Advance Technology
Attachment (new)
SATA

• IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics

(old)

IDE
Solid State Drive or SSD
• Short for solid-state drive, an SSD is
a storage medium that uses non-
volatile memory to hold and access
data. Unlike a hard drive, an SSD has
no moving parts, which gives it
advantages, such as faster access
time, noiseless operation, higher
reliability, and lower power
consumption.
Volatile vs. non-volatile memory
• Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile memory. Volatile
memory loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses
power. Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why if
your computer freezes or reboots when working on a program, you lose
anything that wasn’t saved. Non-volatile memory, sometimes
abbreviated as NVRAM, keeps its contents even if the power is lost.
Memory and storage sizes
• While performing a processing operation, a
processor needs a place to temporarily store
instructions to be executed and the data to be
used with those instructions. Memory is also
known as primary storage or internal storage.
This role of memory to store both data and
programs is known as the stored program
concept. The size of memory is measured by
the number of bytes available for use. A
kilobyte of memory is equal to exactly 1,024
bytes. To make storage definitions easier to
identify, computer users often round a kilobyte
down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is
equal to approximately 1 million bytes. A
gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion
bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to
approximately 1 trillion bytes.
Example:

• How many 1.5MB picture files will fit in a DVD? We know that a
regular DVD’s capacity is about 4.7GB. Taking from the table
above that 1GB is ~1,000MB, then we can arrive at an equation:

• X = (4.7*1000)/1.5
• X = 4700/1.5
• X = 3133.33 (~3133 files)
CDROM drive
• A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-
pressed optical compact disc which
contains data. The name is an
acronym which stands for "Compact
Disc Read-Only Memory".
Computers can read CD-ROMs, but
cannot write to CD-ROMs which are
not writable or erasable.
• CD – Compact Disk, DVD – Digital
Versatile Disk
 CPU
SOCKET
• A CPU socket is made of plastic, and comes with a lever or
latch, and with metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on
theCPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure the proper
insertion of theCPU. CPUs with a PGA (pin grid array) package
are inserted into the socket and the latch is closed.
LGA 1156/ 2009 2012 Intel Core i7 (800
Socket H series)
Intel Core i5 (700,
600 series)
Intel Core i3 (500
series)
Year of Year end of Intel Xeon (X3400,
L3400 series)
introduction life Intel Pentium (G60
00 series)
LGA 1156, also known as Socket H or H1, is Intel Celeron (G100
0 series
an Intel desktop CPU socket. LGA stands for land
grid array. Its incompatible successor is LGA 1155.
 Processor
The processor is known as the brain of the computer. the processor
executes 3 basic functions, receive input data, process this data and
provide output data. For example each letter entered is input data the
processor receives this data process it and provides the output. In this
case everything you type will appear immediately on your screen all
this is done in a fraction of a second.
INPUT / OUTPUT
I/O, input/output
• Alternatively referred to as I/O, input/output is any software or
hardware device that is designed to send and receive data to and from a
computer hardware component.

• a computer mouse can is only an input device, because it can send data
but cannot receive any data back.

• A computer monitor is an output device, because it can display

information but cannot send data back to the computer.
• S/PDIF - stands for Sony/Phillips Digital Interface.
• USB – Universal Serial Bus
• DVI-D - Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
• VGA - Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface
• PS/2 – Personal System 2
• LAN – Local Area Network
INPUT / OUTPUT HARDWARE
 INPUT / OUTPUT HARDWARE
input output

• Mouse Monitor
• Keyboard Printer
• Microphone Headphones
• Scanner speaker
• web cam
OHS (Occupational health and safety )
• Occupational health and safety (OHS) relates to health, safety, and
welfare issues in the workplace.
• OHS includes the laws, standards, and programs that are aimed at
making the workplace better for workers, along with co-workers,
family members, customers, and other stakeholders.
• Improving a company's occupational health and safety standards
ensures good business, a better brand image, and higher employee
morale.
 Computer Lab Rules

• Students are not allowed to go inside without

the presence of the instructor.
• No food or drinks allowed inside.
• Keep your workstation neat and clean.
• Respect others, work quietly.
• Don’t change settings.
• No smoking.
• Return tools and equipment to there proper
place.
• Shutdown your computer properly.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Antistatic wrist strap: Protects
computer equipment when grounded to a
computer chassis.
Antistatic mat: Protects computer equipment
by preventing static electricity from accumulating
on the hardware.
Hand Tools
Flat-head screwdriver: Used to tighten
or loosen slotted screws.
 Phillips-head screwdriver: Used to
tighten or loosen cross-headed screws.
 Torx screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen
screws that have a star-like depression on the
top, a feature that is mainly found on laptops.
Phillips-head Torx Flat-head
screwdriver screwdriver screwdriver
Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small
parts
Wire cutters: Used to strip and cut wires.
Tweezers: Used to manipulate small
parts.
Flashlight: Used to light up areas that
you cannot see well.
Wire stripper: A wire stripper is used to
remove the insulation from wire so that it
can be twisted to other wires or crimped to
connectors to make a cable.
Crimper: Used to attach connectors to
wires.
Punch-down tool: Used to terminate wire into
termination blocks. Some cable connectors
must be connected to cables using a punch
down tool.
Cleaning Tools
Soft cloth: Used to clean different computer
components without scratching or leaving debris
Compressed air: Used to blow away
dust and debris from different computer
parts without touching the components
Cable ties: Used to bundle cables neatly
inside and outside of a computer
A LAN tester is mainly used for testing ethernet cables
for faults or missing pair connections. A decent LAN
tester can also test the ethernet cable for shorted pairs
and can also tell you if the cable is straight or a cross
over.