I T T 3 0 0

I N T R O D U C T I O N T O
D ATA C O M M U N I C AT I O N S & N E T W O R K I N G

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

P R E PA R E D B Y
R O S S YA M S U L H A M I D
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Identify the main components in a communications system
2. Describe the criteria for an effective communications system
3. Differentiate three methods of data flow
4. Draw four types of network topology
5. Clarify the advantages and disadvantages of each network topology
6. Identify three categories of network
7. Describe the Internet protocols and standards
W H AT I S D ATA ?
• Data Is a raw and unorganized facts.
• The term data refers to information in any form which is agreed by two parties.
• Data information today comes in different forms such as texts, numbers, images, audios and
videos.
W H AT I S D ATA
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S ?
• When we communicate we are sharing information
• Local sharing, e.g face to face
• Remote sharing, e.g over some distances
• Data: information being shared, e.g text, numbers, images, audio, video
• Data Communications: exchange of data between two (or more) devices
via some transmission medium
 Delivery
the data must be delivered to the correct
destination

Accuracy
the data received must be accurate
E F F E C T I V E D ATA representation of the data sent
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S

Timeliness
the data should be delivered within a
reasonable time
C O M P O N E N T S O F D ATA
C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
COMPONENTS OF
D ATA C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
• Message – the information to be communicated. Popular forms of information
include text, numbers, pictures, audio , and video
• Sender – the device that sends the data. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone, television
• Receiver – the device that receives the message
• Transmission medium – the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver
• Protocol – set of rules that govern data communications (represents an agreement
between the communicating devices)
D ATA F L O W
 D ATA F L O W

Simplex Half-Duplex
the communication is each station can both transmit and Full-Duplex
unidirectional. Only one of the two receive, but not at the same time. both stations can transmit and
devices on a link can transmit; the When one device is sending, the receive simultaneously. Example:
other can only receive. Example: other can only receive. Example: telephone
keyboard and monitor walkie-talkie
NETWORKS

Network: a set of devices (referred as nodes) connected by

communication links

Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is divided

among multiple computers.
 • A number must be able to meet a certain number of criteria:
• Performance including transit time and response time. Depends on number of users, type of
transmission medium, capability of hardware, efficiency of software
• Transit time: the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another
• Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
• Reliability: measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and
the network’ robustness in a catastrophe
• Security: protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage, recovery

NETWORK CRITERIA
 Point-to-point – provides a dedicated link
between two devices

COMMUNICATION
LINKS Multipoint – more than Spatially – several
devices use the link
two specific devices share a simultaneously
single link (either spatially Temporally – users
or temporally) must take turns
TYPE OF CONNECTION
NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
• Arrangement of nodes of a computer network
• Topology = layout
 PHYSICAL
TOPOLOGY AND
LOGICAL
TOPOLOGY

• Physical topology – placement of various nodes.

• Logical topology – deals with the data flow in the
network.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
MESH
TOPOLOGY
• Each node is directly connected to every other
nodes in the network.
• Fault tolerant and reliable
MESH TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Fault tolerant Issues with broadcasting

messages.

Reliable Expensive and impractical

for large network.
S TA R T O P O L O G Y
• Every node is connected to a central node called hub or switch.
• Centralized management.
• All traffic must past through the hub or switch.

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S TA R T O P O L O G Y
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Easy to design and Single point of failure

implement. affects the whole network.

Centralized administration. Bottleneck due to

overloaded Switch/Hub.

Scalable. Increase cost due to

Switch/Hub
BUS TOPOLOGY
• All data transmitted between nodes in the network is
transmitted over this common transmission medium and
can be received by all nodes in the network
simultaneously.

• a signal containing the address of the intended receiving

machine travels from a source machine in both directions
to all machines connected to the bus until finds the
intended recipient.
BUS TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Only one wire - less expensive Not fault tolerant (no redundancy)
Suited for temporary network Limited cable length
Node failures does not affect others No security

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RING
TOPOLOGY
• A ring topology is a bus topology in a closed loop.

• Peer-to-Peer LAN topology.

• Two connections: one to each of its nearest neighbors.

• Unidirectional

• Sending and receiving data takes place with the help of

TOKEN.

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RING TOPOLOGY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Performance better than Bus Unidirectional. Single point of failure

will affect the whole network.

Can cause bottleneck due to weak Increase in load, decrease in

links performance

All nodes with equal access No security

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NETWORKS
• Demand for any user to communicate with
any other any machine/user
• Require:
• Communication Software
• Communication Network Technologies:
WANS LANS

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C AT E G O R I E S O F N E T W O R K S
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

DECEMBER 8 26
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• Small coverage area, e.g building campus
• Owned and operated by organizations owning end-
devices
• Higher internal (per user) data rates compared to WANS
• How to arrange nodes in a LAN?
• How to share LAN amongst multiple users?
• Example technologies: Ethernet, Wireless LAN

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MAN
• Extend over an entire city
• May be a single network or may be a means of
connecting a number of LANs into a larger network
so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN

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WA N • Span a large geographical area
• Require crossing of public right-of-ways
• Rely on links of common carriers (telecommunication
companies)
• Carries data of multiple organizations
• How to find path across a network?
• How to deliver data across the network?
• Example technologies: ATM, Frame Relay, SDH

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THE INTERNET
Origins
• Evolve frome US Department of Defence research
network, ARPANET (developed in 1969)
• Used packet switching technology (whereas telephone
networks used circuit switching)
• Development and standardization of the Internet suite of
protocols: TCP/IP

What is The Internet?

• Collection of networks connected together using common
software: Internet Protocol (IP)
• Although network technologies differ, any computer can
communicate with any other computer (providing they are
using IP)
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SERVICE PROVIDERS

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1.4 PROTOCOLS
• Protocols – defines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is communicated
• Key elements of a protocol : syntax, semantic, timing
Syntax – structure or format of data, meaning the order in which they are presented.
Example: the first 8 bits to be the address of sender, the second 8 bits to be the address
of the receiver and the rest of the stream to be the message

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…PROTOCOLS
Semantics – The meaning of each section of bits. How is a particular pattern to be
interpreted, and what action is to be taken based on that interpretation? Example: does
an address identify the route to be taken?
Timing – when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent. Example: If a
sender produces data at 100Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the
transmission will overload the receiver and data will be largely lost

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S TA N D A R D S
• Guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies
and other service providers to ensure the kind of
interconnectivity necessary in today’s marketplace and in
international communications
• Data communication standards fall into 2 categories:
• De facto – standards that have not been approved by
an organized body but have been adopted as
standards through widespread use
• De jure – standards that have been legislated by an
officially standard organizations

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S T A N D Examples:
ARDS (CONT’D)
• De facto
• XML based standards – for data representation and exchange on
the Internet
• Microsoft Word DOC (over all other old PC word processors) – one
of the best known de facto standards supported by all office
applications
• De jure
• Wireless 802.11n
• Internet TCP / IP protocol
• ASCII character set
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S TA N D A R D O R G A N I Z AT I O N S
• Standards Creation Committees
• Forums
• Regulatory Agencies

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S TA N D A R D C R E AT I O N
C O M M I• T TEE
International S for Standardization (ISO) –Multinational body whose
Organization
membership is mainly from the standards creation committees of various
governments throughout the world.

• International Telecommunication Union–Telecommunication Standards Sector

(ITU-T) – devoted to the research and establishments of standards for
telecommunications in general and for phone and data systems in particular

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – the largest professional

engineering society in the world, aiming to advance theory, creativity and product
quality in the fields of engineering, electronics and radio. Also, developing
international standards for computing and communications.

• Electronic Industries Association (EIA) – non profit organization devoted to the

promotion of electronics manufacturing concerns (defining physical connection
interfaces and electronic signalling specifications for data connections).

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F O R U M •STelecommunications technology development is moving faster
than the ability of standards committees to ratify standards
• To facilitate the standardization process, many special interest
groups have developed forums made up of representatives
from interested corporations
• The forums work with universities and users to test, evaluate
and standardize new technologies
• The forums are able to speed acceptance and use of
technologies in the telecommunications community
• Forums present their conclusions to the standard bodies

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R E G U L A• All
TO R Y A G E N C I E S
communications technology is subject to regulation by
government agencies such as Federal Communications
Commission (FCC)
• The purpose of these agencies is to protect the public
interest by regulating radio, television, and cable
communications

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INTERNE T S T A N D A R D S
• Internet standards – a thoroughly tested specification that is
useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet

• Specification begins as an Internet draft before it

attains Internet standard status
• Internet draft – a working document with no
official status and a 6-month lifetime
• Upon recommendation from the authorities, a draft
may be published as a Request for Comment
(RFC)

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REFERENCES
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking,
Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.

DECEMBER 8 41
TUTORIAL
• Identify 5 components in a communication system.
• Describe the criteria for an effective communication
system.
• Differentiate three categories of data flow.
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each
network topology that you know.

DECEMBER 8 42
TUTORIAL
• Draw a bus network consists of six computers
• Draw a hybrid topology with a star backbone and two ring networks
• Draw a hybrid topology with a ring backbone and three bus networks consists of six computers

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