Electric Vehicle Modelling

using
MATLAB Simulink

Submitted By
1.) Rahul Khatri
2.) Ramesh Kumar
3.) Pooja Agarwal
Guide 4.) Shubham Arora
Dr. Kailash Chaudhary 5.) Navneet Dabi
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
INTRODUCTION
 Electric Vehicle Modelling

 Electric vehicle (EV) is defined as a vehicle that uses an electric motor or a traction motor
for propulsion unlikely to an internal combustion (IC) engine used by conventional
vehicles.
 Electric vehicles use electric power instead of fuels as conventional vehicles and because
of this difference, electric vehicles do not produce any exhaust gases or pollution (Zero
emission).
 The power needed for the operation of an EV can come from a variety of sources such as
batteries, generators, or through a collector system. MATLAB model of electric car uses
lithium-ion battery and induction motor.
 Why Electric Vehicle?
Pollution
 Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage
 Use of 10% of ZEV ( zero emission vehicle ) cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants
 With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half
Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost
 EV has a more capital cost
 But life cycle cost of EV is lesser than ICEV ( internal-combustion-engine vehicles)
Availability of Fuel
 Fast depletion of fossil fuel and dependence on middle east countries for fuel.
Well to Wheel Efficiency
 The EV is found to have a better WTW efficiency than ICEV ( internal-combustion-engine
vehicles )
 Main Components Of EV Modelling

 Vehicle body

 Motor & motor controllers

 Power converters

 Batteries

 Drive cycle
 Objective
 To make a most simple & low run time vehicle model using individual component
models

 To check out performance parameters: Speed, SOC, Current etc with various drive
cycles

 To play with: Motor Power, Vehicle body (Rolling resistance, Air drag, Weight)
inputs

 To know MATLAB models & their configuration to match with actual vehicle

 Connect ThingSpeak with Simulink for Data Transmission.

 Get all the data from Simulink to the Thingspeak Server.

 MATLAB
INTRODUCTION AND BASICS
 MATLAB
 MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing.
 It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical
notation.
Typical uses include:-
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
 Parts Of MATLAB

 MATLAB language
 MATLAB working environment
 Handle Graphics
 MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
 Simulink
 Matlab R2020a Window
10

Simulink
Current Directory

Command Window

Workspace
 Simulink
INTRODUCTION AND BASICS
 Simulink
 Simulink software models, simulates, and analyzes dynamic systems.
 Simulink supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled
time, or a hybrid of the two.
 It allows users to concentrate on the structure of the problem, rather than having to
worry about a programming language.
 We simulate a model to study the behavior of a system – need to verify that our model
is correct.
 Used to model and solve real problems in a variety of industries, including:-
 Aerospace and Defense
 Automotive
 Communications
 Electronics and Signal Processing
Simulink Window
 DESIGN OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
MODEL
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power
Converter
H-Bridge with Permanent Vehicle
Drive Drive
Regenerative Magnet DC Body
Cycle Controller
Breaking Motor

Battery
Charge-Discharge
SOC
 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
The Vehicle Model consists mainly of:

 Vehicle Body
 Motor and Controller
 Battery Pack and Power Generator
 Drive Cycle Source
 DETAILED MODEL STUDY
1) VEHICLE BLOCK:
Vehicle Block consists of Body of Vehicle, Tires and Transmission System.
a) Vehicle body:

 Represent a two-axle vehicle body in

motion
 Accounts for body mass,
aerodynamic drag, grade, externally –
defined mass and center of gravity of
the vehicle body.
Input Ports:
 W- Wind Velocity in m/s
 Beta- Grade angle in radians
Output Ports:
 V- Velocity in m/s
 NR- Normal force on Rear Axle (N)
 NF- Normal force on Front Axle (N)
b) Tires

 Used to model a tire with longitudinal behaviour given

by equation based on fitting coefficients.
 The block can model tire dynamics under constant or
variable contact surface conditions.
Input Port:

 N- Normal force acting on tire, positive when force is acting downwards

towards the contact surface.

Output Port:

 S- Slip value relative to tire and surface of contact.

Conserving Ports:

 H- represents wheel hub which transmits thrust generated by the wheel to

the body of the vehicle.

 A- represents axle on which the tires are mounted.

c) Gear :

 A simple gear block is used to connect the motor to the rear axle of the
vehicle.
 It represents the gearbox which connects the input shaft to the base gear and
output from the follower gear.

Conserving Ports:
 B- port associated with input shaft(motor shaft)
 F- port associated with output shaft(axle / differential)
2) MOTOR & POWER CONVERTER:

a) DC Motor Ports:
 + - Ports receiving electrical signal associated with Motor
positive terminal
 - - Port receiving electrical signal associated with Motor
Negative terminal
 C- Mechanical conserving port associated with casing of the
motor and is connected to a mechanical rotational reference
block
 R- Mechanical conserving port associated with rotor shaft of
the motor which produces required input to the transmission
system.
 b) H- Bridge

 H-Bridge block is used to represent H-

Bridge motor driver which controls the
power input to the motor according to the
load requirements.
 Output provided by the block is controlled
voltage depending on the control signal.

Ports:
 + - Conserving port associated with positive connection usually connected to
positive port of the motor.
 - - Conserving port associated with negative load connection usually
connected to the negative terminal of the motor.
 PWM – Conserving port associated with PWM control signal (voltage
pulses)

 REF – Conserving port associated with a zero voltage reference.

 REV – Conserving port associated with voltage controlling polarity change
of bridge output signal.

 BRK – Conserving port associated with voltage when brakes are applied,
thereby aiding the process of regenerative braking.

c) Solver Configuration

A solver configuration block specifies solver

parameters necessary for simulation and is
f(x)=0
connected to the physical network of motor
controller.
d) Controlled PWM voltage

Produces Pulse-Width modulated signals to control voltage fed to H-Bridge

as per requirements.

Conserving Ports:
 ref+ - positive reference voltage signal port
 ref- - negative reference voltage signal port
 PWM- Pulse-Width modulated electrical signal
 REF- Port associated with zero voltage reference
3) BATTERY
Component of battery block is depicted below:

 Represents the powerhouse of the model

which supplies the power required by the
motor as controlled by the controllers.
 SOC calculation of battery is done to trace
the battery reliability and range of the vehicle
model. SOC is calculated by reducing the
usage from the nominal SOC value on a
timely basis.
4) LONGITUDINAL DRIVER

Represents a longitudinal speed controller which produces acceleration and

deceleration commands based on input and feedback speed variables provided using a
proportional integral (PI) control.

Input Ports:
 VelRef – input port associated with input reference
velocity of the vehicle(m/s)
 VelFdbk – input port associated with velocity
feedback from the vehicle which helps in smooth
control of the system
 Grade – input port associated with inclination of
surface in degrees.
Output Ports:

 Info – output port associated with a bus signal for acceleration, deceleration,
error in velocity,etc.

 AccelCmd – output port associated with acceleration commands with

reference to input signal.

 DecelCmd- output port associated with deceleration commands with reference

to the input drive signal.
5) DRIVE CYCLE SOURCE

Represents block which generates a drive cycle for a

particular time. It is basically time vs speed data which
resembles similar to that of a real-time driving
conditions with acceleration and deceleration in an
irregular pattern.
Electric Vehicle Simulink Modal
 Condition Monitoring

to

I
Electric Vehicle Using
 Condition Monitoring

 Condition Monitoring is continuous evaluation of heath of equipment and plant

throughout its serviceable life.
• It is process of monitoring the parameters of conditions in machinery like
Vibrations, Temperature, Current, Voltage, Speed etc.
• By this method we will identify the significant changes in conditions due to
which fault is developed.
• Since it is process of monitoring the condition of so it ultimately reduces the time
required to identify and rectify the fault.
• Condition Monitoring provides the real time information about the condition of
machine which give us the ability to minimize or eliminate the factors responsible
for fault.
Condition Monitoring
How Condition Monitoring Works
 WHY WE MONITOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
 Vehicle breakdowns are annoying and expensive. In many cases, vehicle failures
can be avoided through preventive, vehicle-specific maintenance. But when is the
right time?
So we continuously monitors, evaluates and reports component and system
conditions in the vehicle. Based on data from the connected vehicle as well as
cloud information, faults can be predicted and fixed in time in an individual, state-
based and precise manner.
 Predictive Maintenance

 Predictive maintenance technology is based on the use of IoT connectivity

tools that collect data on the performance of different parts, transfer that
data to the cloud in real time, and evaluate the risks of potential
malfunction of a car’s hardware or software. After information is
processed, a driver is notified and advised of any necessary service or
repair to avoid potential incidents.
Predictive Maintenance Algorithm

 The general predictive maintenance algorithm goes as follows:

 An in-vehicle monitoring system collects data from the motor starter, fuel pump,
and battery
 Data is transmitted to a cloud server
 The cloud server predicts potential maintenance issues
 Recommendations are delivered to the driver via a connected device
Benefits Of IoT Predictive Maintenance

 By predicting and preventing breakdowns, safety is improved and asset downtime

can be reduced by up to 70% - boosting delivery accuracy and reducing costs
 The life of assets like EV batteries and vehicle tires can be extended by using
predictive models of e.g. SoC% to optimize charging & maintenance
 Maintenance can be reduced by up to 50% via precision-scheduling of
reviews/repairs, while inventories can be trimmed via 'remaining useful life'
analysis of parts
 SCOPE OF CBM

  Real-time monitoring of on-road

Automated manufacturing systems
vehicles

Need to monitor & optimize an EV fleet

Need to setup AGV/forklift in near real-time?
Why We Use Internet of Things (IoT)
Technology
 The term Internet of Things (IoT) refers to billions of physical devices connected
to the internet. IoT devices can collect, share, and exchange data with other
connected devices or databases. Wireless technology lies at the core of IoT-based
digital intelligence, enabling all kinds of devices to communicate and operate
without human involvement. In fact, almost any physical object can be considered
an IoT device as soon as it’s connected to the internet.
Why We Use Internet of Things (IoT)
Technology
 With the Internet of Things in automotive industry, especially IoT devices, millions of
drivers can connect to over-the-air software and data platforms to receive feature updates,
software upgrades, safety improvements, bug fixes, and map and traffic updates. V2V, V2I,
and V2X connectivity is about to start a new era in fleet management. Finally, a Wi-Fi
connection is now enough to get connected to road infrastructure, making the drive smooth
and safe. The IoT reality is closer than you might think.
 Thingspeak IoT Platform
 Thing Speak is an open-source Internet of
Things application and defined as follows:
 An Analytic IOT Platform
 Visualize data instantly
 Collect data from sensors
 Analyze Data
 Matlab integration allows users to run a
scheduled code on data coming into
thingspeak .
 Act on Data
 Send a tweet ,email and other alerts when the
value of data is more than threshold
ThingSpeak
Channel
Overview
Thingspeak Alerts
Results of Simulation
ThingSpeak Alert Overview
Thingtweet E-Mail alert
MIT APP INVENTOR
CREATING AN APP FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
What is App Inventor?
 How to get started?
 Gmail enabled account
 Browser (anything but IE)
 Install the App Inventor Setup program for your platform (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux)
 Provides Android emulator
 Internet connectivity optional
 Android phone/tablet
 Device driver for Android device for live testing
 App Inventor Tools

AI consists of tools that work together:

 Component Designer
 Define Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Non-GUI components
 Blocks Editor
Determine the behavior (algorithms and data structures) of the components Android phone or
emulator
 Platform for testing/using apps
 The Component Designer is a web application.
 The Blocks Editor is a Java application that is launched on the client.
MIT App Designer Window
Block Editor
 References
 https://vbn.aau.dk/files/55733132/Electric_Vehicles_Modelling_and_Simulations.pdf

 https://www.computoolable.nl/AuM4.pdf

 https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol12%20Issue%204/Version-1/F1204014753.pdf

 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uCOhJ6rtk2nc41bhLD3pUCCjDIyNdVKT/view?usp=sharing

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330092375_Modeling_of_an_Electric_Vehicle_with_MATLA
BSimulink

 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1493/pdf

 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hE5FKpZpHUSQpWyU4BOjRZuUi11E0gf9/view?usp=sharing

 https://www.ijeat.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i6/E7819068519.pdf
THANK
YOU
Any Questions SUBMITTED BY
Ask us 1.) RAHUL KHATRI
2.) RAMESH KUMAR
3.) POOJA AGARWAL
4.) SHUBHAM ARORA
5.) NAVNEET DABI