Credit Seminar

on
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND
GIS IN AGRICULTURE

SPEAKER
LAGNAJEET ROY
2019-AMJ-34
Department of Agrometeorology
 CONTENTS

1. What is Remote Sensing

a) Definition
b) Components
c) Process
d) Types
2) What is GIS and its relationship with Remote Sensing
a) Collection of data
b) Data interpretation and Analysis
c) Mapping and digitizing
d) Georeferencing
e) Raster and vector models
f) True & False color composite
3) Case studies
4) Summary and Conclusion
 What is Remote Sensing
•DEFINITION:

Remote sensing can be defined as the science, technology and art of acquiring
information about an object which are not in the physical contact with the object
itself. -Sahu and Solanki

Source – GIS Geography

 Components of Remote Sensing
1. A source of Energy
2. Interactions of energy with the atmosphere
3. Interactions of energy with earth surface
4. A sensor with platform

Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU Hisar

 SOURCE OF ENERGY

The sun provides a very convenient source of

energy for remote sensing. The sun's energy is
either reflected, as it is for visible wavelengths,
or absorbed and then re-emitted, Remote
sensing systems which measure energy that is
naturally available are called passive source.
Ex: MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer)/ Sentinel-2

Active source, on the other hand, provide their

own energy source for illumination. The sensor
emits radiation which is directed toward the
target to be investigated. The radiation
reflected from that target is detected and
measured by the sensor.
Ex: PALSAR-2

Source- GIS and Earth

Ok so we read about energy, so what is it?
The answer is Electro Magnetic Radiation and different Kind (Wavelength and
Frequency) of Radiation emit from the source
As we know that planks law is
E= hf
f=c/ λ
That shows wavelength and
frequency are inversely
proportional
Now we will se the different Radiation that are used in Remote sensing

SOURCE - WIKIPEDIA
 Interaction with the
atmosphere
Before radiation used for remote sensing
reaches the Earth's surface it has to
travel through some distance of the
Earth's atmosphere. Particles and gases
in the atmosphere can affect the
incoming light and radiation. These
effects are caused by the mechanisms
of scattering and absorption.

By interacting with atmosphere:

1) It helps in detection of cyclone
2) Helps in detection of cloud and its
type from where it is easy to predict
rainfall or hail storm
3) It helps in detecting the amount of
Dust particle present in atmosphere
specially after dust storm or any
volcano eruption in any region

Source: NASA
 Atmospheric Window and its importance in remote sensing:
Some types of electromagnetic radiation easily pass through the atmosphere, while other
types do not. The ability of the atmosphere to allow radiation to pass through it is referred
to as its transmissivity, and varies with the wavelength of the radiation. The gases(O 3, CO2,
Water vapour,CH4) that comprise our atmosphere absorb radiation in certain wavelengths
while allowing radiation with differing wavelengths to pass through. In contrast to the
absorption bands, there are areas of the electromagnetic spectrum where the atmosphere
is essentially transparent (with no absorption of radiation) to specific wavelengths. These
regions of the spectrum or wavelengths are known as "atmospheric windows“. Visible light
and radio waves can pass relatively freely through the atmosphere, while X-Rays can not.
 Interaction with the earth surface:
When electromagnetic energy reaches the Earth's surface there are three possible energy
interactions with the surface feature:
Reflection: occurs when radiation "bounces" off the target and is redirected
Absorption: occurs when radiation (energy) is absorbed into the target
Transmission: occurs when radiation passes through a target

EI(λ) = ER(λ) + EA(λ) + ET(λ)

Where:
EI(λ) = Incident energy (from sun)
ER(λ) = Reflected energy
EA(λ) = Absorbed energy
ET(λ) = Transmitted energy

•Vegetation and soils can reflect approximately 30-50% of the incident energy (across
the entire EM spectrum)
• while water on the other hand reflects only 10% of incident energy. Water reflects
most of this in the visible range, minimal in the NIR( Near Infrared) and beyond 1.2 μm
(mid-infrared) water absorbs nearly all energy.
 Reflectance
Reflection occurs when incoming energy bounces off a surface and is reflected back. The
amount of reflection varies with:
•Wavelength of Energy
•Geometry of the Surface
•Surface Materials
The total quantity of incoming energy
(light) from the sun is known as
irradiance. Satellites measure radiance
(brightness), or the amount of light.
Reflectance is the percent of
incoming incident energy that is
reflected. This is always measured as a
function of wavelength and is given as
a percent.

Spectral Reflectance
ρλ = ER(λ) / EI(λ) or
% Reflectance = Amount of Reflected Energy
/Total Energy x 100
 Remote sensing and Plants primary target in agriculture
When electromagnetic
energy from the sun
strikes plants, the
energy will be reflected,
absorbed, or
transmitted

The relationship
between reflected,
absorbed and
transmitted energy is
used to determine
spectral signatures of
individual plants

Spectral signatures
are unique to plant
Spectral signatures of crops and soil (Kyllo, 2003). species.
 SENSOR and PLATFORM:
Platforms refer to the structures or vehicles on which remote sensing instruments are
mounted
Ground based - To study properties of a single plant or a small patch of grass, it would
make sense to use a ground based instrument.
Airborne - At present, airplanes are the most common airborne platform. The whole
spectrum of civilian and military aircraft are used for remote sensing applications.
Satellite -- The most stable platform aloft is a satellite, which is spaceborne. There are
two types of satellite: Geostationary satellite and Sun synchronous satellite

SOURCE-
REMOTE SENSING
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
POST-EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT:
A CASE STUDY ON THE
2016 KUMAMOTO
EARTHQUAKE BY
Fumio YAMAZAKI and
Wen LIU
BASED ON SENSOR

ILLUMINATION

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Non- Non-
Imaging Imaging
imaging imaging

BASED ON SPECTRAL
REGIONS Sensor

Near UV region Visible region Infrared region Microwave region

Radiometer
Conventional Panchromatic, Multi spectral
, Optical
camera vidicon scanner, thematic
mechanical
camera mapper, Radiometer
scanner
 When we come to know about sensor as the image is digital resolution of a system
refers to its ability to record and display fine details and images are defined in scale.

It
It refers the size of smallest characterizes
possible feature can be the ability of
detected (PIXEL). It depends the sensor to
upon IFOV of the sensor Lower resolve energy
the resolution clear the picture received in a
given spectral
Temporal Spatial bandwidth to
It mainly resolution resolution determine
define that
different
how often the RESOLUTION
constituent of
image is
earth
collected?
surface( locati
That shows
on)
how many
time the Radiometr SpectralTo distinguish fine
satellite ic resolution
crossed a resolution variations in the radiance
specific region values of different objects
in a specific help in measuring dark
time period areas water/shadow
 goes through Reflect
electromag atmosphere (Specular or
netic and interact Diffused)
radiation Process of remote sensing
with earth some
emitted Different surface amount of
from the types of ( Crop, soil , The reflected radiation and
sensors are water bodies the other
source specialized to The radiation
etc.) come back to parts were
detect photographic Absorbed
The imagesor
system the sensor
The reflected different transmitted
wave length (identify soil that is placed we
EMR is types, plant on a platform obtained by
different for bands of
radiation types) and sensors are
different
bodies as the scanning digital in
known as system, nature and
spectral Microwave it consist of
reflectance system of large no. of
But wesensor
didn’t gethelp
the
minute specification pixels
in thoseto collect
objects but
there isdata
GIS…
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REMOTE SENSING AND GIS (Geographic information system)

REMOTE SENSING
Provide data input

GIS

Different software input

Ultimate Output
This is how both remote sensing and GIS work in Agriculture

A. Source
B. Light coming to
A plants
C. Plant
D. Reflected energy
sensed by a sensor
in satellite
E. It send information
to ground station
F. Using computer
and software's to
analyze the data
G. Finally reliable info.
Is given to the
farmer that make
their farming easy

Source- GIS and Earth observation

 GIS (Geographic information system)
“A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following four sets
of capabilities to handle geo- referenced data:
- Input
- Data management (storage and retrieval)
- Manipulation and analysis
- Output.”
(Aronoff, 1989)

GIS FUNCTIONAL MODULES Data input

Data base

Query and Output and

analysis visualization
 Database definitions
A database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of
procedures are operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database.

Geospatial Data
“Geographically referenced data that describe both the location (geometry) and the
characteristics of spatial features.”
(Chang, 2009)
 SOURCES OF INPUT DATA
Components
of GIS
Photogra
LIDAR mmetry

Hardware
+
Software
+
Data GPS Remote
+ sensing
People

= GIS

Hard Total
copy Stations
maps
 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY (Main source of data in Agriculture)
1) collection of
measurements
from aerial Black and White
photos in the • : Older and lower cost surveys are
preparation of collected on black and white media
maps
(2) To
determine
land-use, Color:
environmental • More recent or higher cost aerial photo
surveys are on color media
conditions, and
geologic
information

Infrared:
(3)Aerial photos • Primary use is vegetation studies as
often display a vegetation is a very strong reflector of
high degree of infrared radiation.
radial distortion
that must be
corrected. GIS is
used then.
HOW WE COLLECT DATA NOW?

DATA SOURCES and INPUT

Manually digitizing from image

or map sources
• manually drawn maps
• legal records
• coordinate lists with
associated tabular data
• Aerial photographs
Field coordinate measurement
• Coordinate Surveying
GPS Image data
• Manual or automated
classification
• direct raster data entry
 Definition
Digitizing
Manual
in GIS is the process of digitization
converting geographic data
either from a hardcopy or a
scanned image into vector
data by tracing the features. Global
Coordinate
Geocoding positioning
geometry
system
Heads up
digitizing

• Scan map or image

• If image not referenced, collect ground
coordinates of control points
• Digitize control points (tics, reference
points, etc.) of known location
• Transform (register) image to known
coordinate system
• Digitize feature boundaries in stream
or point mode. Heads-up digitizing of building outlines performed in ArcMap10

• Edit
Georeferencing is the process of defining exactly where on the earth’s surface
an image or raster dataset was created.

Georeferencing means that the A georeferenced digital map or

image has been tied to a known
internal coordinate system of a
Earth coordinate system, so users
digital map or aerial photo can
can determine where every point
be related to a ground system on the map or aerial photo
of geographic coordinates. is located on the Earth's surface.

Georeferencing in the digital file The relevant coordinate transforms

allows basic map analysis to be are typically stored within the image
done, such as pointing and clicking file (GeoPDF and GeoTIFF are
on the map to determine the examples of georeferenced file
coordinates of a point, to calculate formats), though there are many
distances and areas, and to possible mechanisms for
determine other information. implementing georeferencing.
 Data Preparation for Geologic Mapping

Preparing digital base

Creating a database
map data (i.e.
and/or individual files
downloadable or
to store data that will
previously
be gathered in the field Creating a map that is
stored thematic,
(e.g. the locations and ready for editing in the
topographic or
descriptive attributes of field
remotely sensed data,
plant units, soil plant
or data that you
unit contacts, and
digitize, scan
measured attitudes)
and georeference);
 ATTRIBUTE DATA

Attribute data is information

appended in tabular format
to spatial features. The
spatial data is the where
Floating
and attribute data can Character
contain information about Integer
the what, where, and why.

Database management system: Info, dBase, Oracle,

Informix, SYBASE, Access, FoxPro etc.

Image Processing
Geodatasets can be derived from digital imagery. Most commonly satellite imagery is
utilized in a process called supervised classification in which a user selected a sampling of
pixels for which the user knows the type (vegetation species, land use, etc). Using a
classification algorithm, remote sensing software such as ERDAS or ENVI classifies a digital
image into these named categories based on the sample pixels. In contrast to the other
methods discussed, supervised classification results in a raster dataset. Image
restoration(Preprocessing), Image enhancement, classification and information extraction.
Spatial data models

 Two fundamental approaches:

 Raster model
 Vector model
Raster model
The entity information is explicitly recorded for
a basic data unit (cell, grid or pixel)
Rasters can be used to show rainfall
trends over an area, or to depict the fire
risk on a landscape.

This satellite image looks good

when using a small scale...

...but when viewed at a large

scale you can see the individual
pixels that the image is
composed of.
 vector model
• In a vector-based GIS data are handled as:

– Points X,Y coordinate

– Lines X,Y coordinate pair + label series of points
– Areas line(s) forming their boundary (series of polygons)

line
feature

area
point feature
feature
vector model Layers in an vector-based model
 Overlay operation

Standard overlay operators

take two input data layers;
assume they are georeferenced in the
same system;
overlap in study area.
If either condition is not met, the use of
an overlay operator is senseless.
The principle is to:
compare the characteristics of the
same location in both data layers,
and
to produce a new output value for
each location.
Jorhat city map Jorhat district map Jorhat road map

Jorhat tehsil(Block) map Jorhat railway map

Natural or True Color Composites
A natural or true color composite is an image
displaying a combination of the visible red,
green and blue bands to the corresponding
red, green and blue channels on the
computer display. Natural color images can
be low in contrast and somewhat hazy due
the scattering of blue light by the
atmosphere.

False Color Composites

False color images are a representation of a
multispectral image produced using any bands
other than visible red, green and blue as the red,
green and blue components of the display. False
color composites allow us to visualize
wavelengths that the human eye can not see
(i.e. near-infrared and beyond).
 Different Indices used in agriculture
To define different characteristics in agricultural domain from vegetation to water or
from soil to stress different index are used to define the condition in a simple manner
that we can get from here.
 Crop water stress mapping for site-specific irrigation
CASE STUDY: 1 by thermal imagery and artificial reference surfaces
Ground-based measurements were obtained
during the summer of 2007 at a commercial
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum x barbadense
hybrid c.v. Acalpi) field in the Hula Valley of
Israel. The soil at the site is a brown alluvial
hydromorphic gromosol, and the climate is
Mediterranean. The field was selected as an
experimental site from previous
observations of variable crop development,
apparently related to very variable soil
water-holding characteristics caused by the
spatially variable alluvial deposits Infrared scanner mounted on a high pass sprayer

False color IR image of a cotton row:

a location marker and plant height measuring
stick and
b leaf water potential (LWP) sampling points
 Cotton CWSI ( Crop water stress index) maps of the field monitored in the Hula Valley
acquired on six separate days by ground survey in 2007. The LWP (Leaf water potential)
sampling points for 18 June are shown in map
 Water stress map of a cotton field before last
irrigation on 20 August 2007. Arrows
Water stress map of a peanut field during indicate lateral move position and pivoting
irrigation on 20 August 2007. Mean CWSI values Water stress map of a drip directions of the irrigation rig. Numbers are
are indicated ahead and behind the lateral move irrigated process tomato field the mean CWSI levels for the East and West
position (arrow) on 20 August 2007 parts of the field. The bold polygon marks the
ground monitored part of the field
 Water stress map of a
center pivot irrigated
cotton field after the
last irrigation on 20
August 2007. Scattered
line and arrow indicate
final pivot position and
turning directions of
the irrigation rig

Mean crop stress levels

(CWSI) and their
When farmer come to know about the water stress in distribution for the August
the specific position of his field then he can give 20 aerial survey fields
irrigation according to the need of the crop to reduce
crop failure and thus remote sensing and GIS provided
the information to the farmer

Meron, M., Tsipris, J., Orlov, V., Alchanatis, V., & Cohen, Y. (2010). Crop water stress mapping for site-
specific irrigation by thermal imagery and artificial reference surfaces. Precision agriculture, 11(2),
148-162.
 CASE STUDY - 2
Application of remote sensing and GIS for acreage estimation
RESEARCH PROPOSAL: of wheat

This study was conducted in five districts situated in central part of

Location of Maharashtra i.e. Pune, Solapur, Ahmednagar, Beed and
study : Osmanabad wherein spatially, extensive and contiguous sites
contribute to wheat production
Multi-date, multispectral satellite
images of IRS- P6, AWiFS (Advanced
Wide Field Sensor) Sensor for five
consecutive months of wheat season
(October/November/December
/January/February) of the year 2012-
13 were used for this study (Table 1).
Rectangular subset images covering The study
the study area were obtained and area and
processed in ERDAS (Earth Resources location of
Data Analysis System) Imagine to ground truth
generate Normalized Difference stations
Vegetation Index (NDVI) images on
all the dates of satellite pass.
•Images of Normalized
difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) on all the dates of
pass were generated using
ERDAS Imagine software and
stack was prepared
•Graphs of NDVI values for
different dates of satellite
image acquisition were
plotted for rabi sorghum,
wheat, sugarcane and other
areas. These plots represent
Reference Temporal Spectral
Profile (RTSPs) of the
respective class Classified Image after unsupervised classification
•The signature file so
The classified image obtained after unsupervised
generated was used to obtain
classification is shown. It was found that TSP of 15 classes
Temporal Spectral Profile
was matching with RTSP of wheat. The images showing
(TSPs) for each class. These
only wheat crops (recoded images) in the subset area
TSPs were compared visually
were obtained. The district wise pixel count of wheat crop
with RSTP of wheat crop and
was obtained by applying zonal attributes/majority count
the related classes were
function of ArcGIS. For this process, option of intersection
assigned as wheat crop
/union and ignore zero values was selected.
 RESULTS AND DISCURSSION
Crop District RS DOA Deviation (%)
Estimat estimates
es (ha (ha)
Ahmednagar 41357 38900 6.31
Pune 59708 53000 12.66
Wheat Solapur 30861 28800 7.16
Beed 31805 27700 11.21
Osmanabad 26750 24200 10.53

189481 172600 9.78

Area under wheat crop in the study area was estimated by remote sensing as 189481 ha
against actual area of 172600 ha reported by Department of Agriculture showing 9.78
percent over estimation. This may be because of similar spectral profiles of coexisting
crops like oats. Wheat being irrigated crop, soil moisture affects the reflectance of crop.
Lowest variation of 6.31% was observed in Ahmednagar district whereas highest variation
12.66% was observed in Pune district.

Pimpale et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications,

12(2), March-May 2015, pp. 167-171
 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS in Crop Information System –
a case study of Paddy monitoring in Jamalpur Block
CASE STUDY - 3
Software Used
ERDAS IMAGINE 9.0, ARC GIS-9.3
METHODOLOGY
 six classes derived from that image, mainly
agricultural land, vegetative land, Water logged
area, Flood prone area, Water bodies and
Built-up land are shown

RICE TYPES CULTIVATING SEASON

It AUS
is easy to identify after it has been processed
JULY-AUGUST
with NIR band of Landsat TM data
AMAN Generally DECEMBER-JANUARY
BORO MARCH-MAY

The secondaryLand
data use and Land
has been cover
collected map
from theof Jamalpur Block
ADA office of Jamalpur. These data obtained to
 YEAR AUS AMAN BORO

Production Cultivated Production Cultivated Production Cultivated

area area area
(hector) (hector) (hector)
2007- 08 47600 8,300 41570 14,200 46894 3,800

2008- 09 47350 8,000 33533 12,000 31675 5,000

2009- 10 50300 8,100 42484 12,000 38979 400

2010- 11 40900 7,500 39618 12,300 40621 1,080

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMAN

DERIVED FROM JANUARY 2010 IMAGE

Variation
of Rice
cultivable
area

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AUS

DERIVED FROM JULY 2010 IMAGE
Variation of
Rice
production

Pani, S., Chakrabarty, A., & Bhadury, D. S. (2014). Application of Remote Sensing & GIS in
: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BORO Crop Information System–a case study of Paddy monitoring in Jamalpur Block. IOSR
DERIVED FROM APRIL 2010 IMAGE Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN, 2319-2380.
 Application of GWQI to Assess Effect of Land
CASE STUDY :4 Use Change on Groundwater Quality in
Lower Shiwaliks of Punjab: Remote Sensing
and GIS Based Approach
study area was divided into grids of size
10 × 10 km2
Samples were collected on the basis of
spectral signature as observed on satellite
image from each grid (22 SAMPLES)
The water samples were collected from
nearly same depth (35∼40 m). The pH,
Electrical conductivity and Total dissolved
solids (TDS) meter (HANNA) were used
to measure pH, EC and TDS in the field.
The samples were filtered using vacuum
filtration unit. and analyzed using atomic
absorption spectrophotometer
The study was carried out with the help
of topographic sheets, Garmin Global
positioning system (GPS) and ground
truthing and then GIS for map making
Study area and its geomorphology
 The landsat image of the year 1989 procured from United States
Geological Survey (USGS) and the Linear imaging scanning
system (LISS) III (geo-coded) satellite image of December, 2006
acquired from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC),
Hyderabad had been used for the present study. In addition,
toposheets on 1:50,000 scales procured from Survey of India (SOI),
Dehradun, were used for geo- referencing the satellite images

. The geographical coordinates

of various LULC classes were
recorded using GPS
The image was re-projected
into World Geodetic System
1984 (WGS-84) spheroid and
datum, zone 43 North of the
UTM projection.
The classified image was finally
recoded into 12 classes
 Class Area in km2 Area in km2
in 1989 in 2006
River 33.17 27.32
Settlement 17.56 111.23
Cropland 882.09 690.84
Fallow land 361.03 649.86
Dense forest 487.88 335.66
Salt affected land 11.70 21.46
Canal 13.66 13.66
Water body 17.56 10.73
Seasonal streams 33.17 21.46
Plantation 33.17 12.68
Land with scrub 17.56 52.69
Land without scrub 62.44 23.41

Area covered by LULC classes in year 1989 and

2006

a Landsat data of 1989 (bands 4, 3, 2 and

1) and land use/land cover of study area. b
IRS LISS III data of 2006; bands 3, 2, and
1) and land use/land cover of study area
The water quality parameters that were analysed are given

GWQI = Anti log[∑Wn=1log10qn]

Groundwater GWQI
Very good 0-25
Good 25-50
Moderate 50-75
Poor 75-100
Very poor 100-125
Unfit >125

Singh, C.K., Shashtri, S.,

Mukherjee, S. et al. Application of
GWQI to Assess Effect of Land
Use Change on Groundwater
Quality in Lower Shiwaliks of
Punjab: Remote Sensing and GIS
Based Approach. Water Resour
Manage 25, 1881–1898 (2011)
CASE STUDY:5 DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE REMOTE
SENSING SYSTEM FOR CROP PEST MANAGEMENT:
SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND VERIFICATION
The MS‐4100 is currently a MS‐4100 spectral configurations
Geospatial Systems, Inc. RGB
product. It is a multi‐spectral Red (660 nm with 40‐nm bandwidth), Green
HDTV (High Definition (540 nm with 40‐nm bandwidth), and Blue
Television) format 3‐CCD (460 nm with 45‐nm bandwidth)
(Charge‐Coupled Device) ‐ color imaging
color/ CIR digital camera
CIR Red (660 nm with 40‐nm bandwidth), Green
(540 nm with 40‐nm bandwidth), and NIR
(800 nm with 65‐nm bandwidth)
‐ color infrared imaging

RGB/ RGB and CIR in a single camera

CIR Multi‐spectral Custom spectral configuration to
customer specifications

STUDY AREA
 illustrates the RMS values of seven georeferenced
images acquired using the camera control system with
automatic control of roll, pitch, and yaw camera
stabilization during the flights for this research. With
the flight altitude of 2600 m, the image resolution
was 1.56 m/pixel for the MS‐4100 camera.

An image of the cotton field

on 20 September 2007

RGB digital image and georeferenced image with

overlay of GIS polygon of the big pivot west field.
Reflectance = H * Radiance / Irradiance The relationship is pixel radiance divided by
solar irradiance illuminating the target (H =
3.1416):
A
By ground truth field inspection, it
was discovered that a number of
abandoned irrigation structures
remained in Region A. Region B was
infested with cotton root rot disease

we found that the images of NIR and red bands

indicated the existence of root rot regions. The green
band showed mostly noise and did not present visual
differences. It appears by subjective evaluation of that NIR
the NIR and red images and possible band CIR
combinations such as NIR/red ratio and NDVI
(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) are probably
sufficient to identify the region of root rot infestation
RED
GREEN
CIR AOI and individual band AOI images
 8-20-07
9-14-07 9-20-07
9-27-07

10-11-07
10-2-07 10-5-07

NIR images of the root rot infested region on different dates.

This paper show us the respective day to day variation in cotton plant after cotton root
rot disease. The no of days increasing that show in this NDVI map that the dark patches
are increasing and that showing the disease infestation vigourity and that help farmer if
he know about this situation.

Lan, Y., Huang, Y., Martin, D. E., & Hoffmann, W. C. (2009). Development of an airborne
remote sensing system for crop pest management: system integration and
verification. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 25(4), 607-615.
 Estimation of Soil Erosion Using Remote
CASE STUDY : 6 Sensing and GIS, Its Valuation and Economic
Implications on Agricultural Production
E30  Exp[(log0.132-log17.12)  ( NDVI  NDV Imin ) 
NDV Im ax  NDV Imin Log17.12 ] …………..(1)

E30 model for estimating soil

The maximum and minimum rates of soil
erosion using NDVI
erosion at 30◦ slope in the study area
The soil erosion model given in
Equation 1 was used to estimate the collected from field stations were
annual rate of soil erosion in the Mae Ao 17.12 mm/year and 0.132 mm/year in the
watershed (Honda, 1993, 1996 and study area as shown in Equation 2
1998). This model is mainly governed The Normalized Difference Vegetation
by slope gradient and vegetation index Index (NDVI) as defined by Equation 3 was
and the annual soil erosion rate (E) is used to assess the vegetative cover. To avoid
defined as: negative values and for easy handling of
E = E30 (S/S30)0.9 digital data, NDVI value obtained for Landsat-
TM data (30m spatial resolution) were re-
(1) scaled as shown in Equation 3.
where S= gradient of the point under
NDVI = [( Band 4 - Band 3 ) + 1] *100 …….(2)
consideration, S30= tan (30), and E30=
rate of soil erosion at 30 slope and Band 4 + Band 3
Two Landsat TM images from 1992 and 1996 were used in this study and the necessary
radiometric correction was done by using the 1996 Landsat TM data as the base image

linear interpolation was carried out to make radiometric correction of 1992 Landsat TM
data.

Corrected NDVI of 1992 = Maximum96  Minimum96 ( NDVI 92  Minimum92 )]

[( )   Minimum96 …….(3)
Maximum92  Minimum92

Landsat-TM data Soil Erosion in each

Topographic map soil-mapping units
NPK content in each
NDVI
soil-mapping units Loss of NPK from each
DEM soil-mapping units
E30 value

Market price of NPK Cost of lost NPK in each

Soil erosion estimation Slope gradient soil-mapping units

Cost of soil erosion in

Soil erosion map
the study area

Methodology for estimating the Methodology for estimating the

annual soil erosion rate cost of soil erosion
By calculating the value for each pixel using Equation 1, soil erosion from each
pixel with a different slope was calculated using Equation 1. A raster map of slope gradient
was prepared with a pixel size of 30m (same as Landsat-TM data), using a Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) to provide the slope information for Equation 1

The average annual

rate of soil erosion in
the study area in1992
and 1996 is shown in
Figure 3 and Figure
4, respectively. The
average annual soil
erosion rate in the
study area decreased
from 1.24 mm/year in
1992 to 0.91
mm/year in 1996. Soil erosion map showing average annual Soil erosion map showing average
plantation program rate of erosion in 1992. annual rate of erosion in 1996

taken up

Hazarika, M. K., & Honda, K. (2001). Estimation of soil erosion using remote sensing and
GIS: Its valuation and economic implications on agricultural production. Sustaining the
global farm, 1, 1090-1093.
 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Remote sensing and GIS combination of both of them help in agricultural
activities.
It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check
the condition everyday and help in gathering the data
From disease estimation to stress factor due to water from ground water
quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited
by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture
The application of those software or techniques are very new to the
agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part
New software are developing in different parts of the world and remote
sensing,GIS is used in various other factors not only in agriculture like any kind of
mapping pattern may be from the area estimation from Australian bush fire to
the statistical analysis of covid 19 affected people.
Today farmers are understanding the beneficiaries of this kinds of techniques
to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future
generation as technology is a hype in traditional system of farming