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Magnetic Materials and Their Types

The document summarizes the five major classes of magnetic materials: 1) Diamagnetic materials, which are weakly repelled by magnetic fields. They have no unpaired electrons or permanent magnetic moments. 2) Paramagnetic materials, which are weakly attracted to magnetic fields and have randomly oriented atomic magnetic dipoles. 3) Ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and have atomic magnetic dipoles that align parallel within domains. 4) Ferrimagnetic materials, which have complex crystal structures where some atomic moments align parallel and others anti-parallel, resulting in a net magnetic moment. 5) Antiferromagnetic materials, where neighboring atomic moments align anti-parallel, cancelling each other out

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Rahul Yadav
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132 views9 pages

Magnetic Materials and Their Types

The document summarizes the five major classes of magnetic materials: 1) Diamagnetic materials, which are weakly repelled by magnetic fields. They have no unpaired electrons or permanent magnetic moments. 2) Paramagnetic materials, which are weakly attracted to magnetic fields and have randomly oriented atomic magnetic dipoles. 3) Ferromagnetic materials, which are strongly attracted to magnetic fields and have atomic magnetic dipoles that align parallel within domains. 4) Ferrimagnetic materials, which have complex crystal structures where some atomic moments align parallel and others anti-parallel, resulting in a net magnetic moment. 5) Antiferromagnetic materials, where neighboring atomic moments align anti-parallel, cancelling each other out

Uploaded by

Rahul Yadav
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Classes of Magnetic Materials

• The origin of magnetism lies in the orbital and spin motions of


electrons and how the electrons interact with one another.
The best way to introduce the different types of magnetism is
to describe how materials respond to magnetic fields. This
may be surprising to some, but all matter is magnetic. It's just
that some materials are much more magnetic than others.
The main distinction is that in some materials there is no
collective interaction of atomic magnetic moments, whereas
in other materials there is a very strong interaction between
atomic moments.
• The magnetic behavior of materials can be classified into the
following five major groups:---
1. Diamagnetic materials

• The materials which are repelled by a magnet such as zinc. mercury, lead,
sulfur, copper, silver, bismuth, wood etc., are known as diamagnetic materials.
Their permeability is slightly less than one. For example the relative
permeability of bismuth is 0.00083, copper is 0.000005 and wood is 0.9999995.
They are slightly magnetized when placed in a very string magnetic field and act
in the direction opposite to that of applied magnetic field.
• In diamagnetic materials , the two relatively weak magnetic fields caused due
to the orbital revolution and and axial rotation of electrons around nucleus are
in opposite directions and cancel each other. Permanent magnetic dipoles are
absent in them, Diamagnetic materials have very little to no applications in
electrical engineering.
• Diamagnetism is a fundamental property of all matter, although it is usually
very weak. It is due to the non-cooperative behavior of orbiting electrons
when exposed to an applied magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances are
composed of atoms which have no net magnetic moments (ie., all the orbital
shells are filled and there are no unpaired electrons). However, when exposed
to a field, a negative magnetization is produced and thus the susceptibility is
negative.
Diagram
1. Paramagnetic materials
• The materials which are not strongly attracted to a magnet
are known as paramagnetic material. For example:
aluminium, tin magnesium etc. Their relative permeability is
small but positive. For example: the permeability of
aluminium is: 1.00000065. Such materials are magnetized
only when placed on a super strong magnetic field and act in
the direction of the magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials
have individual atomic dipoles oriented in a random fashion
as shown below:
• The resultant magnetic force is therefore zero. When a strong
external magnetic field is applied , the permanent magnetic
dipoles orient them self parallel to the applied magnetic field
and give rise to a positive magnetization. Since, the
orientation of the dipoles parallel to the applied magnetic
field is not complete , the magnetization is very small.
3. Ferromagnetic materials
• The materials which are strongly attracted by a magnetic field
or magnet is known as ferromagnetic material for eg: iron,
steel , nickel, cobalt etc. The permeability off these materials
is very very high ( ranging up to several hundred or thousand).
• The opposite magnetic effects of electron orbital motion and
electron spin do not eliminate each other in an atom of such a
material. There is a relatively large contribution from each
atom which aids in the establishment of an internal magnetic
field, so that when the material is placed in a magnetic field,
it’s value is increased many times thee value that was present
in the free space before the material was placed there.
• For the purpose of electrical engineering it will suffice to
classify the materials as simply ferromagnetic and and non-
ferromagnetic materials. The latter includes material of
relative permeability practically equal to unity while the
former have relative permeability many times greater than
unity. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic material falls in the
non-ferromagnetic materials.
4. Ferrimagnetism
• Ferrimagnetism is only observed in compounds, which have more complex
crystal structures than pure elements. Within these materials the
exchange interactions lead to parallel alignment of atoms in some of the
crystal sites and anti-parallel alignment of others. The material breaks
down into magnetic domains, just like a ferromagnetic material and the
magnetic behaviour is also very similar, although ferrimagnetic materials
usually have lower saturation magnetisations. For example in Barium
ferrite (BaO.6Fe2O3) the unit cell contains 64 ions of which the barium
and oxygen ions have no magnetic moment, 16 Fe3+ ions have moments
aligned parallel and 8 Fe3+ aligned antiparallel giving a net magnetisation
parallel to the applied field, but with a relatively low magnitude as only ⅛
of the ions contribute to the magnetisation of the material. Magnetite
is a well known ferrimagnetic material. Indeed, magnetite
was considered a ferromagnet until Néel in the 1940's,
provided the theoretical framework for understanding
ferrimagnetism.
5. Antiferromagnetism
• In the periodic table the only element exhibiting
antiferromagnetism at room temperature is chromium.
Antiferromagnetic materials are very similar to ferromagnetic
materials but the exchange interaction between neighbouring
atoms leads to the anti-parallel alignment of the atomic
magnetic moments. Therefore, the magnetic field cancels out
and the material appears to behave in the same way as a
paramagnetic material. Like ferromagnetic materials these
materials become paramagnetic above a transition
temperature, known as the Néel temperature, TN. (Cr:
TN=37ºC).
• Examples:-Transition metals Mn, Cr & many of their
compound, e.g. MnO, CoO, NiO, Cr2O3, MnS, MnSe, CuCl2

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