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Lecture 2

Digital image processing involves manipulating digital images through mathematical operations. It has applications in areas like medicine, space exploration, law enforcement, and more. Some key stages in digital image processing are low-level processing to reduce noise or enhance contrast, mid-level processing like segmentation and classification, and high-level processing to make sense of recognized objects. The history of digital image processing began in the 1920s with transmitting images over cables, and it has grown with advances in computing and space exploration. Today, techniques are used for tasks like medical imaging, industrial inspection, and artistic effects.

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Lecture 2

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ASET

Lecture 2

1
Contents ASET

•This lecture will cover:

– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital image
processing
– Key stages in digital image processing
What is Digital Image Processing?
ASET

One Picture is Worth More

Than Ten Thousand
Words
What is a Digital Image? ASET

•A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional

image as a finite set of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels
What is Digital Image?
ASET

An Image:
g(x , y)
Discretization

g(i , j)

Quantization
f(i , j) Digital Image

f(i0 , j0) : Picture Element, Image Element,Pixel

What is a Digital Image? ASET

(cont…)
•Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

•For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale images

What is a Digital Image? ASET

(cont…)
•Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colours, heights, opacities etc
•Remember digitization implies that a digital
image is an approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
What is Digital Image Processing?
ASET

Application Area:
 Improvement of Pictorial Information for Human
Interpretation
 Processing of Image Data for Storage, Transmission and
Representation for Autonomous Machine Perception
What is Digital Image Processing?
ASET

DIP Definition:
A Discipline in Which Both the Input and Output of a
Process are Images.

Image Process Image

What is Digital Image Processing?
ASET

Image
Vision
Processing Image Analysis

Low-Level Mid-Level High-Level

Process Process Process
• Reduce Noise • Segmentation Making Sense of an
• Contrast Enhancement • Classification Ensemble of
Recognized Objects
• Image Sharpening
History of DIP ASET

•Early 1920s: One of the first applications of

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

digital imaging was in the news-

paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image

– Images were transferred by submarine cable

between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
History of DIP (cont…) ASET

•Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality

images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
Improved
of tones in digital image Early 15 tone digital
reproduced images image
History of DIP (cont…) ASET

•1960s: Improvements in computing

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

technology and the onset of the space race led

to a surge of work in digital image processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
History of DIP (cont…) ASET

•1970s: Digital image processing begins to

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
image
Tomography (CAT) scans
History of DIP (cont…) ASET

Today: The use of digital image processing

techniques has exploded and they are now
used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
Examples: Image Enhancement ASET

•One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

quality, remove noise etc

Examples: The Hubble TelescopeASET

•Launched in 1990 the Hubble

telescope can take images of
very distant objects
•However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
•Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
Examples: Artistic Effects ASET

•Artistic effects are

used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images
Examples: Medicine ASET

•Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

Examples: GIS ASET

•Geographic Information Systems

Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
Examples: PCB Inspection ASET

•Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

– Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder joints are
acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are
used
Examples: Law Enforcement ASET

•Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
images
Key Stages in DIP ASET

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement