UNIT-2

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
POLLUTION
1. It is the contamination of the environment
2. Un wanted alteration of the surroundings
3. It decreases the quality of air , water and soil.
4. It affects the health of human, animals and
plants
POLLUTANTS
The material which causes pollution
Table 1. Pollutants from different industries
Types of pollutants
Biodegradable pollutants
Non- Biodegradable pollutants

1.Biodegradable pollutants
They decompose rapidly by the natural
process
2. Non- Biodegradable pollutants
They do not decompose rapidly by the natural
process
Classification of Pollution
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil pollution
• Marine pollution
• Noise pollution
• Thermal pollution
• Nuclear hazards
Air pollution
Contamination of atmospheric air by dust,
smoke and wastes .
Injurious to human health.
Composition of atmospheric air
Constituents %
Nitrogen 78
Oxygen 21
Argon <1
CO2 0.037
Water vapour Remaining
Ozone,He,NH3 Trace amount
Sources of air pollution
1. Natural sources
2. Man made activities

1. Natural sources
Examples
a) Volcanic eruption
b) Forest fires
c)Biological decay
d)Radioactive materials
• These pollutions are caused by natural process
2. Man-made activities
a) Thermal power plants
b) Vehicular emission
c) Fossil fuel burning
d) Agricultural activities
Classification of air pollutants
i) Primary pollutants
ii) Secondary pollutants
iii) Indoor air pollutants
i ) Primary pollutants
They are emitted directly in the atmosphere in
harmful form
Example : CO, NO,SO2
Ii ) Secondary pollutants
Some of the primary pollutants react with basic
components of air to form new pollutants. They are
called secondary pollutants
Example
NO2--------HNO3
iii ) Indoor air pollutants
They are primary air pollutants
Example : Radon
Sources of indoor air pollutants
a ) Radon gas emitted by the tiles, concrete
and bricks.
b ) It is also present in natural gas and
ground water
c ) Fuel burning, cigarette smoking.
Common air pollutants
Sources and their effects
1. Carbon monoxide (CO)
Colourless, Odourless gas
Injurious to human and animal health
Cigarette smoking
About 77% comes from motor vehicles
Human sources
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel
Power plants.
Cigarette smoking
About 77% comes from motor vehicles

Human health effects

Head ache , aneamia
At high levels it leads to coma and death
Environmental effects
It increases global temperature
Sulphur di oxide(SO2)
Colorless and irritating gas
Formed from burning of coal and oil.
It is converted in to sulphuric acid in acid rain process.
Human sources
Power plants 88%
Industrial process 10%
Health effects
Breathing problems
Environmental effects
Reduce visibility
Sulphuric acid damage trees, plants, soil and
aquatic life.
Ozone (O3)
Highly reactive,
Irritating gas,
Unpleasant odour
It forms in the troposphere
It is a major component in the photo
chemical smog.
Human sources
Nitrogen oxides
Volatile organic compounds
Environmental effect
Moderates the climate
• As a photo chemically very active compound,
NO2 absorbs the sunlight reaching the lower
atmosphere at several magnitudes greater
than all other gases.
• This overall reaction is by far the most
important trigger of atmospheric radical chain
reactions and in forming photochemical
smog. “Photo smog” also contains a high
share of toxic ozone.
Photo chemical smog
It is a brown smoke
It is formed by auto mobiles
It is formed due to the reaction between
Nitrogen-oxides and hydrocarbons in the
presence of sun light
Health effects
Breathing problems
Cough, Heart diseases
Eye, nose and throat irritation
Environmental effects
Ozone depletion
It reduces the visibility
It can damage plants and trees
Lead (Pb)
It is a solid, toxic metal
It can emit particulates
Human sources
Paint, smelters, storage batteries and leaded petrol.
Health effects
Damage brain and whole nervous system
Mental retardation
Digestive problems
Cancer in test animals
Environmental effects
Wild life destruction
Control measures
Source control
I . Use only unleaded petrol
ii. Use the fuels with low ash content and sulphur
content
iii .People should be encouraged to walk and drive
cycle
iV. Plantation of trees and plants in busy street
absorb the carbon dioxide.
v. Industries and waste disposal should be in the
out of city range.
Vi. Emission of carbon di oxide and hydrocarbons
Control measures in industrial centers
The emission rate should be with in the limit allowed by the
laws.
Air pollution control equipments should be designed
Mandatory.
1. Sufficient supply of Oxygen to the combustion chambers
2. Sufficient supply of temperature to the combustion
chambers
3. Eliminating the smoke consisting burnt ashes and dust
Equipments used to control air pollution
4. Use the mechanical devices
E.g. Scrubbers, Electrostatic precipitator, cyclone
separator and bag house.
.
Water pollution
 The alteration in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water
 This may cause harmful effects on humans and
aquatic life.
Pollutants
 sewage
 Industrial wastes
 Oil and other wastes
 Fertilizers
Sources and effects of water pollution
1. Infectious agent – Source : Medical waste from
hospitals and medical shop.
Example : Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic
worms.
Human sources
Human and animal wastes
Effects
Variety of diseases
2. Oxygen demanding wastes
Example : Animal manure , Plant debris
Human sources
 Sewage
 Paper mills
 Food processing
Effects
 Depleting water of dissolved oxygen
 Fish and other aquatic life die
3. Inorganic chemicals
 Acids
 Lead, arsenic, selenium
 Sodium chloride and fluoride in soils
Human sources
Surface runoff, industrial effluents and household
cleansers.
Effects
1. Fresh water contamination
2. Skin cancer and neck damage
3. Harm fish and other aquatic life
4. Lower crop yields
5. Corrosion of metals
4. Organic chemicals
Example : Oil, Gasoline, plastics, pesticides
and Detergents.
Human sources
Industrial effluents, household cleansers
and surface runoff
Effects
1. Damage the nervous system
2. Cause some cancer
3. Harm fish and wild life.
5. Plant nutrients
Example : Compound containing nitrate,
Phosphate, and Ammonium
Human sources
Sewage, manure, runoff fertilizers
Effects
Excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants
Deplete dissolved oxygen in water
Kill the fish
Lowering the oxygen carrying capacity of
blood
Point and Non point sources of water pollution
1. Point sources
They are discharged pollutants in a place
through pipes or ditches in to water bodies.
Example : Factories, sewage treatment plant
2. Non point sources
They are large land areas that pollute
water by runoff, deposition from
atmosphere.
Example : Acid deposition and runoff
chemicals in to surface water
from croplands and oil tankers.
 NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

POINTSOURCE
Suburban
development Factory

Wastewater
treatment
plant
Control measures of water pollution
1. Water pollution should be controlled by
state or central government
2. Scientific methods should be followed for
pollution control.
3. The industrial effluents should be recycled
4. Discharge of effluents in to water bodies
should be stopped.
5. Deforestation should be stopped.
6. Plant more trees.
7. Domestic waste water may be used for
gardening.
8 . Create Public awareness .
9. Laws and rules to protect the water should
be framed.
Waste water or sewage treatment
1. To eliminate hardness of water
2. To eliminate the bad smell
3. To remove the solid wastes in the sewages
4. To kill and remove the disease producing micro
organisms.
Treatment process
1. Preliminary treatment
Solids and suspended impurities are removed.
Here water is cleaned by bar and mesh
screens.
2. Primary treatment or settling process
In organic and organic solids are removed.
To hurry up the settling, Alum and ferrous
sulphate are added.
These chemicals form gelatinous precipitate,
promote the settling.
3. Secondary or biological treatment
Here trickling process or sludge process is used.
Bio degradable organic matters are removed.
90% of oxygen demanding wastes is also
removed.
• Trickling filter process
 TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
1. It is a circular tank.
2. Sewage is sprayed over crushed rocks
3. Slow rotating arm sprayer is used.
4 . When sewage moves downwards
microorganisms grow on rocks surface.
5. Food for the microorganisms is organic
matters in sewage.
6. After aerobic oxidation sewage goes to
settling tank
7. In settling tank sludge are removed.
8. By this process 85% of BOD removed.
 Activated sludge process
1. Activated sludge is biologically activated sewage
2. Sewage from primary treatment mixed with
activated sludge
3. It is aerated in aeration tank
4. Here oxidation of organic impurities takes
place
5. Sludges settle down in the sedimentation tank.
6. This process removes 95% of BOD
4. Tertiary treatment
1.BOD is removed by this treatment
2. The lime is added to the effluent in flocculation tank
3. Phosphates are removed.
4. Next effluent passed into ammonia tower; here
ammonia is removed as gas.
5. Minute organic wastes are removed by
charcoal adsorption
6. Finally the effluent is added with chlorine
(Disinfectant).
5. Disposal of sludge
Wastes from the various steps of treatment
are disposed by
1. Dumping in to low lying area
2. Burning of sludge
3. Dumping in to the sea
4. Using it as low grade fertilizers.
ECOLOGICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
 SOIL POLLUTION
Definition
The contamination of soil by human and natural
activities, which may cause harmful effects to
living things.
Composition of soil
Inorganic mineral-45%
Organic matter-5%
Soil water-25%
Soil air-25%
Types, effects and sources of soil pollution

1.Industrial wastes
2.Urban wastes
3.Agricultural practices
4.Radio active pollutants
5.Biological agents
1. Industrial wastes
Disposal of industrial wastes on land

Sources
i) Pulp and paper mills
ii) Chemical industries, oil refineries , Sugar factories,
Tanneries
iii) Coal, Mining industries,
iv) Drugs, glass, cement and engineering
industries

Effect
i)Alter the chemical and biological activities of soil.
ii)Hazardous chemicals enter in to the human and
animal food chain.
iii)Disturb the biological process of living organisms.
2.Urban wastes
Both commercial and domestic wastes
Form dry sludge of sewage
Constituents
Garbage and rubbish material
Plastics, glasses, fibers, rubbers, fuel
residues, abandoned vehicles
Industrial wastes
3. Agricultural practices
Modern agricultural process pollute the soil
through Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,
Farm wastes
4. Radio active pollutants
Radium, thorium, uranium and carbon -14
isotopes
Explosion of hydrogen weapons
Cosmic radiations
Nitrogen-15
Strontium-90, Iodine-129, Cesium-137
and isotopes of iron
Ruthenium-106, Iodine -131, Barium-140,
Control measures of soil pollution
Farm activities are increased for two reasons
Population growth-to be controlled
Urbanization (Decrease of farms)
Control of soil erosion
It is controlled by forestry and farm practices
Example
Tree plantation on slopes
Terracing and building diversion
channel may be undertaken
Reducing deforestation
Proper dumping of unwanted materials
Waste of human and animal form chronic problem
Open dumping method should be changed
Controlled tipping method should be followed
Production of natural fertilizers
Fertilizers and pesticides should not exceed the
limit
Bio fertilizers should be preferred for chemical
fertilizers
Example : Animal’s dung are used for composting
manure
Public awareness
Public awareness programs should be conducted
Problems of health hazards should be educated
to the people.
Recycling and reuse of wastes
The waste paper, plastics, glasses, petroleum
products and industrial effluents should be re used
and re cycled.
Ban on toxic chemicals
DDT, BHC pesticides should be banned
Improper disposal of radioactive wastes should
be banned
Nuclear explosion should be banned.
 MARINE POLLUTION
Definition
Discharge of waste substances in to sea. It
makes harmful to fishes and other living
organisms.
It changes the physical, chemical and
biological prosperities of sea water.
Coral reefs
Most of the people living nearer to the costal area
The coastal zone contains rich heritage, coral reefs,
wet lands and sea grass beds.
Benefits of coral reefs
1. Reefs support more than one million species
2. They provide feeding, breeding nursery areas to
fish and shell fish
3. They offer medicines
4. They protect coastal lines from storms.
5. It is valued for 47000 US dollars
6. It is a great habitat for 2000 species
Sources of marine pollution
Dumping the wastes
Dumping the un treated wastes and sewage in
to oceans
Rivers with wastes finally mingled with ocean
Agricultural discharges, fertilizers, pesticides,
heavy metals are mixed into sea water.
Huge quantity of plastics is dumped into sea.
Effect
Many sea birds and animals get affect with
gastro intestinal disorders.
Oil pollution of Marine water
The huge damage on marine eco system by
oil and petroleum products.
Example
a) Cracks of oil tankers & Ship accidents
allow the leakage of oils into sea water
b)It reduces the oxygen level in the sea
water.
c)It deposits on the rocks and earth of sea
and affects the habitats of sea animals.
Effects of marine pollution
1. The heavy metals and organic pollutants
affect the egg shell and tissues.
2. About 50000 to 250000 birds killed every
year by oil spill.
3. The rate of oxygen uptake by water reduced.
It inhibits photo synthesis and oxygen formation.
It inhibits the growth of plankton.
4. Many sea birds and animals get affect with
gastro intestinal disorders.
Effects of marine pollution
5. Oil spilling in sea water causes abnormally low
body temperature resulting in hypothermia.
Nearly 150 rare species of bald eagles also
became victims when they ingested oil during
Exxon Valdez accident.
6. Hydrocarbons and benzpyrene in the oil
accumulate in food chain- cause biomagnification
and cancer.
7. Detergents used to clean up oil spill are also
harmful to marine life.
Control measures of marine pollution
1. Plans for conserving marine bio diversity must
be taken in to account of human needs
2. People should be educated marine
eco system and its benefits
3. Local communities must be involved in
protecting and managing their coastal area
4. Social and economic incentives must be
offered for the conservation of marine eco
system
5. The facts that all oceans are connected must be
reflected in the policies
6. Government must manage their own waters
Other control measures
The industrials should keep pollution
control instruments
The urban growth near the coastal should
be regulated
The needs of the fisher man should be
fulfilled.
Methods of removal of oil
1.Physical methods
a)Suction device is the simplest method
b)Oil is absorbed by the suitable absorbing
agents.
c) Polyurethane foam is the best absorbent
d) Chopped straw and saw dust are also the
good absorbent
2. Chemical methods
a) Dispersion
b) Emulsification
c) Using chemical additives
Protective measures
1. Municipal and industrial wastes should be
treated
2. Coastal wastes should be analyzed
periodically to know the pollution level
3. Recreational beaches should be
maintained to keep hygienic and
aesthetic value.
 Noise Pollution
Definition
The unwanted and unpleasant sound that causes
irritation to all living things is called noise pollution.
Types of noise
Industrial noise
Transport noise
Neighborhood noise
1. Industrial noise
1. Sound or noise pollution caused by machines
2. Mechanical saw and drilling produces noise
3. Factories produce enormous noise
2.Transport noise
a) Road traffic noise
b)Train traffic noise
c)Motor, scooter, cars, motor cycles, buses and
diesel vehicles produce noise
d)Noise level is high in residential area
e)Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai produce 90 DB
noise
3 . Neighbourhood Noise
1. Disturbance from household communities.
2. Musical instruments, TV, radio , telephones,
transistors, loud speakers
Effects of noise pollution
 It affects human health, comfort and efficiency
 High blood pressure
 Mental stress
 Heart attack
 Birth defects
 Nervous break down
 Tension
 Increase the rate of heart beat
 It causes damages to kidney, brain and liver
 Loss of hearing, Pathological disorders
 It affects respiratory, cardio vascular system
 Blood is thickened by excess noise
Control measures
1. Source control
Design changes, limiting operational timing
Transmission path intervention
• Sound insulating enclosures,
• Provision of sound absorbing material
• Construction of sound barrier
Receptor control
• Provision of personal protection devices
• Protection of receiver by altering the work
schedule
•
Oiling
• Proper oiling will reduce the noise from machines
Preventive measures
• Noise within limits should be followed for vehicles
• Ban horns near schools, hospitals,
• Reduce the traffic density
• Re designing buildings
Thermal pollution
Definition
• Addition of excess heat to water that
makes it harmful to living things.
Sources of thermal pollution
• 1. Thermal power plants
• 2. Coal-fired power plants
• 3. Industrial effluents
• 4. Domestic sewage
• 5. Hydro electric power
1. Thermal power plants
 Drainage from hospitals research institute
 Nuclear explosions and experiments
 Emissions from power and nuclear reactor and
 Heat effluents from power plants.
 Increases the temperature of the water bodies.
2. Coal-fired power plants
 Condensers in the thermal power plants are cooled
with water from river and lakes; discharge the hot
water back to them increasing the temperature of
the water bodies.
 The heated effluents decrease the dissolved oxygen
content in water.
 It kills the fishes and other micro organisms
3.Industrial effluents
Electricity generating industries like
 Coal power plants
 Nuclear power plants
 Textile, paper and pulp industries
 Directly mix the hot effluents into water bodies
INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS
4.Domestic sewage
These are discharged in to river, lakes, and
channels without treatment.
– The municipal sewage has high temperature
– The demand of oxygen increases.
– Water organisms will die.
– The offensive gases evolved
5.Hydroelectric power
 Negative thermal loading takes place in water.
 8% more heat is given to the water bodies by
nuclear power plants
Human activities
 Industries and power plants use water to cool are
mixed with water bodies
 Cutting the trees and plants
 Soil erosion by construction
 Removal of stream side vegetation
 Poor farming practices
Effects of thermal pollution
a) Reduction in dissolved oxygen
 When temperature increases DO level decreases
b) Increase in toxicity
 When temperature increases toxic effect of Potassium
cyanide and O-xylene increases
C ) Interference with biological activities
 It controls the respiratory, digestive, excretion
systems.
d ) Interference with reproduction
 Breeding and reproduction are affected by high
temperature
e) Direct mortality
 Death occurs to fishes in high temperature
f) Food storage for fish
 Change in temperature alters the seasonal
variation which affect the food storage system of
fishes.
Control measures of thermal pollution
• 1. Cooling towers
 Cooling towers are designed to reduce the
temperature of water
 Cooling tower spread the heat from hot water to
the surrounding by evaporation
 There are two types
a) Wet cooling tower
b) Dry cooling tower
1. Wet cooling tower
 Water coming out from the condenser is allowed
to spray.
 Cool air with high velocity is passed from sides,
which takes away the heat and cool the water.
Dry cooling tower
 Hot water is allowed to travel in a spiral path.
 Cool air with help of fans is passed over this hot water
 Hot water is cooled and cool water can be recycled
Cooling ponds
 It is a simplest method of cooling the thermal discharges
 Heated effluents transferred to cooling pond
 Water surface dissipate the heat to atmosphere
 Water area minimized and volume reduced
 Water wedge acts like a cooling pond.
Spray ponds
 1. The hot water is allowed to enter in sprayer
 2. Water is sprayed as fine droplets through nozzles
 3. Heat from the fine droplets dissipated to atmosphere
Artificial lakes
 These are man made bodies of water
 The heated effluents can be discharged into lake at one
end and cooling water withdrawn from other end.
 The heat is dissipated through evaporation
 NUCLEAR HAZARDS POLLUTION OR RADIO ACTIVE
POLLUTION
• UV radiation, cosmic radiation, microwave
radiation, X-rays, Nuclear radiations
Sources of Nuclear hazards
• 1. Natural hazards
• 2. Man-made sources
1. Natural sources
a) Space, which emits cosmic radiations.
b) Soil, rocks, air, water, food and
c) radioactive radon-222.
2. Man-made sources
a) Nuclear power plants
b) Nuclear bombs
c) Nuclear accidents
d) X-rays
e) Diagnostic kits
Effects of nuclear hazards
 Brain and central nervous system affected by
delirium, Convulsions and death
 Loss of sight in eyes
 Vomiting, bleeding and mouth ulcers
 Blood vessel damage and red spot on skin
 Infection of intestinal wall
 Brain damage, mental retardation , stable
pregnancy
• Control measures of nuclear hazards
1. Nuclear tests should not be in air
2. Nuclear tests should be in under ground
3. Nuclear reactor should be covered by closed
cycle coolant
4. Production of radio isotopes should be
minimized
5. Nuclear installation should be controlled
6. Fission reaction should be minimized
7. Radio isotopes may be used in the liquid or gas
form instead of powder form
8. Nuclear mines formed with underground
drainage
9. Disposal of radio active wastes should be very
careful.
10. Usage of nuclear medicines should be
minimized.
 Solid waste management
• Population growth and urbanization brings
enormous solid wastes
• 7.6million tones municipal solid wastes disposed
daily in developed countries
• These are producing environmental pollution due
to improper management
Types of solid wastes
• 1. Urban or municipal wastes
• 2. Industrial wastes
• 3. Hazardous waste
Sources of urban and industrial wastes
A.Domestic wastes
• Wastes from home
• Example : Food waste, cloth waste, paper waste,
Glass bottles, polythene bags, waste
metals.
B.Commercial wastes
• Wastes from markets, shops, hotels, offices and
institutions.
• Example : Waste paper, packing covers, cans,
Bottles and polythene bags
C. Construction waste
• Wastes from construction materials
• Example : Wood, concrete, debris
D. Biomedical waste
• Organic waste materials
• Example : Anatomical wastes, infectious wastes
Classifications of urban wastes
Biodegradable wastes
• The urban solid waste materials that can be degraded
by micro organisms
• Example : Food, vegetables, tea leaves, egg shells,
dryleaves, etc…

Non-bio degradable wastes

• The urban solid waste materials that can not be
degraded by micro organisms
• Example : Polythene bags, scrap metals, glass
bottles
Process of solid waste management
Solid waste generation

Collection of wastes

Transportation

Storage

Segregation of waste home separation for recycle

Disposal of methods
1. Land fill
2. Incineration
3. Composting
Steps involved in the solid waste management
1. Reduce, reuse and recycle
a. Reduce the usage of raw material
If the usage of raw material reduced, the
generation of waste also gets reduced.
b. Reuse of waste materials
The containers, which are discarded after use,
can be reused.
C .Recycling of material
Reprocessing of the discarded material into new
useful product
Example : Reuse of waste plastics, cellulose,
steel cans etc…
2. Discarding waste
• a. Land fill
• Solid wastes are filled with 80cm thickness
• It is covered by 20 cm thickness of earth fill.
• This will be done alternatively.
• Land fill structure is built either into the ground or
on to the ground into which the waste is dumped.
• After 3 years 30 % of wastes volume reduced
• This place can be used for parks, road, and
garden.
• This method is cheapest method
Advantages
• It is simple and economical
• Segregation is not required
• This areas can be used for other purposes
• Convert waste land into useful area
• Soil becomes fertile.
Disadvantages
• A large area is required
• When it is away from town, transportation cost is heavy.
• Improper management brings bad smell
• It produces mosquitoes
• Causes fire due to the formation of methane from wet
land
Incineration
 It is a hygienic way of disposing solid waste
 Organic and hazardous containing wastes are
managed by this method.
 It is expensive method.
 In this method combustible wastes such as
rubbish, garbage etc are burnt in incinerator.
 Non combustible wastes such as glass, metals etc
are separated before burning.
 First the wastes are dried. It is done by the pre
heater
Finally taken into the large furnace called
incinerator. It can incinerate 100 -150
tonnes per hour.
The burning temperature is 700 to 1000OC.
The ashes left in the incinerator are
disposed by land fill method.
The heat produced in the incinerator is used
for steam production.
Advantages
• The residue is only 20-25%
• Very small space enough
• They are located in town area
• Safest and hygienic method
• 300 tones can produce 3MW power.
Disadvantages
• Operating cost is very high
• Smoke formation, ash formation produce air
pollution
Composting
• In this method organic wastes are converted into manure.
• This is a biological process
• Thickness of 1.5m layer of wastes are dumped in
underground
• It is covered with 20 cm earth layer
• Some micro organisms or earth worms are introduced for
quick decomposition. This will be done alternatively.
• Within 2-3 days biological decomposition starts.
• When decomposition starts ,it released 75oC heat
• This heat converts the wastes in to brown powder. It is
known as humus.
• This powder contains nitrogen and phosphates.
• This can be used as fertilizers.
Advantages
• This method increases water retention and ion
exchange capacity of soil
• Industrial solid wastes can be treated by this
method.
• Reducing the cost of disposing wastes
• Recycling occurs
Disadvantages
• The non consumable has to be disposed
separately
• No assured market for manures
Objectives for prevention of hazardous wastes
1 . Avoid hazardous wastes
2 . Manage the wastes in effective way
3 . Stop the hazardous wastes internationally
4 . Make strong international cooperation in
hazardous management
5 . Minimizing the use of hazardous material
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF
POLLUTION
1. Plantation
2. Control the pollution
3. Use all energies and resources efficiently
4. Use recyclable products
5. Use CFC free refrigerators
6. Use natural gas than coal
7. Reduce deforestation
 8. Use renewable resources
9. Use machines in ventilated areas
10. Increase the use of eco friendly products
11. Use rechargeable batteries
12. Use manures instead of fertilizers
CASE STUDIES
The Bhopal Gas tragedy
• The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an
industrial disaster that took place at a Union Carbide pesticide
plant in the Indian city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. At
midnight on 3 December 1984, the plant released 42 tones of
toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than
500,000 people to toxic gases. The first official immediate
death toll was 2,259. A more generally accepted figure is that
8,000- 10,000 died within 72 hours, and it is estimated that
25,000 have since died from gas-related diseases.[
• The Bhopal disaster is frequently cited as the world's worst
industrial disaster. The
International Medical Commission on Bhopal was established
in 1993 to respond to the long term health effects of the
disaster.
Gulf war marine pollution
• The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait leads to a serious
damage to the marine environment. Burning of the
oil fields, and massive oil slicks threatened marine
life and had on going bad effects on the marine life
not only in Kuwait but also near by areas.
• The oil fires Caused by Iraqi military attack on the
natural resources lead to a serious destruction to
the Marine environment and its creatures.
Although the flames may be out, many
environmental uncertainties remain today, visible
and invisible, concerning land, ocean and, most
importantly, underground water.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Natural disaster
2. Man-made disaster
1. Natural disaster
Disaster generated by the natural phenomena
Example : Cyclones, flood, landslides, earthquake
2. Man-made disaster
Resulting from man made hazards
Example : Accidents, pollution, fire
FLOOD IN JAPAN
Floods
Definition
When water flow exceeds, water carrying capacity of
water bodies decreases. Then excess of water overflow
on the surrounding and living area is called flood.
Causes of flood
a) Heavy rainfall, rainfall during cyclone
b) Sudden snow melt
c) Lowering the water carrying capacity of
channels
d) Excess release of water from dams
e) Construction work on earth reduces infiltration
capacity of soil, speed up water flow
f) Clearing of forest.
Effects of flood
a) Heavy suffering to the people living in the low lying area
b)Their houses and properties were destroyed
c) Destroy the crops and live stock
d)Economic loss and health diseases
Flood management
a) Building walls prevent from flood
b) Divert the flood direction into dry water bodies
c) Construction of garden, parks and zoo in the plain
d) River net working
e) Pre and after flood information should be
broadcasted
FLOOD IN JAPAN
CYCLONE
• Low depression formed on ocean and sea moves
towards the land and destroys the living and non
living things in land area.
• Their speed varies between 180-500 km/hr
Different names of cyclone
• Hurricane
• Typhoons
• Cyclones
• Willy Willies
BURMA CYCLONE
Effect
• Damage to human life, crops, roads, transport,
communication, tanks, livestock.
• Slowdown the developmental activities
Cyclone management
• Forecasting the weather condition and intensity of
cyclone
• Cyclone warning by radar system
• Every half an hour location of cyclone should be
announced
• We should not stop the cyclone but minimize the
damage
• Afforestation
Land slides
• The movement of earth materials like rock, stones, soil, and
debris from higher region to lower region is called land slides.
Causes of land slides
• Rain, forces on top materials, over weight on top material
• Transportation on the slope
• Earth quake, shocks, cyclone, and vibrations
• Water run off in rainy season and erosion in hill station
• Underground mining activities
• Road or house building on slope
Effects
• Block the road and divert the passage
• Soil erosion
• Damage the livestock, crops, and houses
Land slides management
• Unloading the upper parts of the slope
• Improving the cultivation in the sloppy area
• Steepness of slope reduced by forming benches
• Concrete setup at the base of slope
• Soil stabilization using chemicals should be
effective
• Drainage formation on the sloppy area
Earth quakes
Definition
• It is a sudden vibration on earth surface due to
sudden release of enormous amount of energy
stored in the rocks under the earth crust.
Causes
• Volcanic eruptions, hydrostatic power
• Under ground nuclear testing
• Decrease of under ground water level
JAPAN EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake management
• Constructing earth resistant buildings
• Wooden houses
• Seismologist must analyze the possibility of
earthquake in land areas
Tsunami
• A very large ocean wave caused by an
underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Causes of tsunami
Seismic Activity
Sub marine Land slides
Effects of Tsunami
 Life loss
 Shelter loss
 Economic loss
 Diseases
 Marine pollution
 Land salinity
 Topography of earth changes
 Fisheries and fishing reduced
Tsunami management
1. Earthquakes under the sea are monitored by sensors
2. Sensors send information to floating buoys in surface.
3. The information sends to satellite
4. Warning sends to earth about danger
5. Finally GOVT should make the people alert
Case studies
Flood in Bangladesh-1974
• In 1984 Bangladesh suffered the worst monsoon flooding
since 1974, the year of famine. The flood losses in
production inevitably put severe strain on the food
system. The strains were so severe as to be characterized
as a ‘food crises’ - a situation in which government
resorted to extraordinary measures. The seasonal losses
in production for the first three crops of the calendar year
1984 were at least a million tonnes. As is now recognized
this loss in production also resulted in a drastic reduction
in employment for the rural landless, on a conservative
estimate 25 million person days. These are circumstances
which could have led to famine conditions.
 1999 Orissa cyclone
• Super cyclonic storm (IMD)
• Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHS)
Formed
• October 25, 1999 (1999-10-25)
Dissipated
• November 3, 1999 (1999-11-04)
Highestwinds
• 240 km/h (150 mph) (3-minute sustained)
• 260 km/h (160 mph) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure
• < 912 hPa (mbar)
Fatalities
• 10,000+ direct
Damage
• $4.5 billion (1999 USD)
$5.9 billion (2009 USD)
Areas affected
• India, Myanmar
• 2016 Vardha
• Kaja -
• Thane -
• Okki -