Introduction

to
Microprocessors

Course Teacher:
Deboky Saha
Contractual Lecturer
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
BRAC University.

Course ID: CSE - 341

Course Title: Microprocessors
Topics to be Covered in this Course !!
 Microprocessor and Assembly Language:
 Microprocessors and Microcomputers
 Evolution of Microprocessors Applications
 Intel 8086 Microprocessor: internal architecture, register
structure, programming model, addressing modes,
instruction set
 Assembly language programming
 Coprocessors.
 An overview of Intel 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and
Pentium microprocessors
 RISC and CISC processors.
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Recommended Texts
 Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and
Hardware, Author: Douglas V. Hall
 Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the
IBM PC, Author: Ytha Yu, Charles Marut
 Microprocessor, architecture, programming & application
with the 8085, Author: Gaonkar
 The Intel Microprocessor 8086…Arch. Prog, Interfacing.
Author: Bary, Bray
 Microprocessor and Microcomputer – Based System Design,
Author: Mohamed Rafiquzzaman


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Does Earlier Knowledge Require ??
 You should have the knowledge about –
 Number Systems.
 Basics of “Digital Logic Design” course.
 Basics of “Computer Organization and Architecture”
course.
 “Basic Programming”.

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Concept of Computer

Computer Data Processing

Data Storage

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Major Components of Computer

MEMORY
I/O
SYSTEM
BUS

Computer

CPU

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Major Components of Computer

Microprocessor
(up) Memory

Input /Output

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Concept about Microprocessor
 A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the
functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC). Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor
(actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging

CPU

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Central Processing Unit
 A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes just
called Microprocessor (P), is a description of a class of
logic machines that can execute computer programs.

• This broad definition can easily be applied to many early

computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever
came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and
its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at
least since the early 1960s.
• The form, design and implementation of CPUs have
changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their
fundamental operation has remained much the same.
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 Central Processing Unit/Microprocessor
(P)
To synchronize and control the
overall operation of the P system
Control Unit &
Instruction Decoder
To decode instruction and To perform the arithmetic and logical
operations within the CPU
pass the necessary control signals to CU

Arithmetic/Logic Unit A set of internal storage

locations within the CPU
To perform shift and rotate
operations that may either be Registers
arithmetic or logical in nature
• Control and Status Registers
• User-Variable Registers
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So .. What is Microprocessor?
 A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is a Silicon Chip that
contains an electronic central processing unit (CPU). In the world
uP or CPU used interchangeably, which is made from
miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single
semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
 The integration of the whole CPU onto a single VLSI Chip
therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity.
 Architectures of Microprocessors:
 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
 8-bit designs
 CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
 16-bit designs
 Special-purpose designs: Microcontrollers,
 32-bit designs
Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Graphics
 64-bit designs
Processing Units (GPU).
 Multi-core designs
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List of Microprocessors
1971 - Intel 4004, 1st single chip CPU, 4-bit processor, 45 instructions
1972 - Intel 4040, enhanced 4004, 60 instructions
1972 - Intel 8008, 8-bit P
1972 - Texas Instrument TMS 1000, 1st single C, 4-bit
1974 - Intel 8080, successor to the 8008, used in Altair 8800
1975 - Motorola 6800, used MOS technology
1976 - Intel 8085, updated 8080, +5V power supply
1976 - Zilog Z80, improved 8080
1976 - TI TMS 9900, 1st 16-bit P
1978 - Zilog Z8000, Motorola 68000, 16-bit P
1978 - Intel 8086, 16-bit, IBM’s choice...

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Similar but Different !! Microcontroller
(C)
 Microcontroller is an IC
dedicated to perform one task.
 Integrates the memory and
other features of a
microprocessor.
MEMORY
 A microcontroller is the I/O SYSTEM
integration of BUS

 Microprocessor
 Memory CPU
 ROM types – commonly
flash PROM
 RAM – Static ram

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 Microprocessor is called “CPU in a chip”
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Microcontroller

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List of Microcontrollers
1972 - Texas Instrument TMS 1000, 1st single C, 4-bit
1976 - Intel 8048, 8-bit C, 1k ROM, 64b RAM, 27 I/O
1980 - Intel 8051, 4k ROM, 128b RAM, 32 I/O, 2 16-bits timers
1980s
(MCS-51 family)
- Intel 8031, 8052, 8751, …
- Atmel AT89C51, AT 89C1052/2051,…
- Dallas Semiconductor DS5000 series…
-Philips, National Semiconductor, …
- (Other Cs) Microchip PIC16 series, Motorola 68HC11, Zilog’s
Z86

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Microprocessor System Vs Microcontroller System
P C
 Single-chip CPU  Single-chip IC
Hardware  RAM-ROM ratio high  ROM-RAM ration high
Architecture  Interrupt, I/O, Timer –  Interrupt, I/O, timer-
external. Internal
 Not much on Real-time  Need to respond to Real
time
 Microcomputer system  Control oriented activities
Application  Processing information  Control of I/O devices
 Process intensive to  Control intensive to
Instruction handle Large volume of handle I/O using single
set data Bit
 Operates on byte, words,  Operates mostly on Bit &
pointers, and arrays. byte
 Longer development  Shorter development time
time  ANDing, ORing,
 ANDing, ORing, XORing in bit level is
XORing in bit level is easy
less easy
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Differences between uP and uC

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 Microprocessor System Vs Microcontroller System

Data Bus
CPU CPU RAM ROM

General Serial
purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro Port Serial
Port I/O
processor Timer
Port COM
Port
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System Microcontroller

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Assembly Language
 Assembly language:
 Assembly language is used for most programming because it
is difficult to program a microprocessor in its native, that is
hexadecimal machine language.
 Assembler:
 An assembler is a program that converts software written in
symbolic machine language (the source programme) into
hexadecimal machine language (object programme).
 The primary reason to use assembler is because development
and modification are always difficult in machine language.

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Example of 8085 Assembly Language
Address Instruction

202A MVI A, 21H ; Copies 21 into accumulator

202C MVI B, 2AH ; Copies 2A into B
register
202E ADD B ; Adds B reg. content with
Acc and stores the result in Acc.
202F STA [41 FF] ; Stores the Acc (the
sum) into the memory location
41 FF.
2032 HLT ; Stops the program

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Memory storage of the Assembly language
Address Instruction/Data

202A MVI A,
202B 21
202C MVI B,
202D 2A
202E ADD B
202F STA
2030 FF
2031 41
2032 HLT

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Another Example of 8085 Assembly
Language
Address Instruction

2020 MVI B, 24 ; Copies 24 into B register

2022 INR B ; Increment B reg content by
1
2023 MOV A, B ; Copies B register into Acc.
2024 SUB B ; Subtracts B reg content
from Acc and stores the result in
Acc.
2025 STA [5F FF] ; Stores the Acc
content into the memory
location 5F FF.
2028
23 HLT ; Stops the program
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Assembly Language vs. Machine
Language

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Thank You !!

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