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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: by Mohamed Sobhy

1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and their magnetic properties. 2. NMR spectrometers apply a strong, static magnetic field to align atomic nuclei and a radiofrequency pulse to excite them. The nuclei absorb and emit radiofrequency energy at characteristic frequencies depending on their chemical environment. 3. NMR spectra are analyzed by observing chemical shifts that depend on factors like electronegativity, anisotropy, hydrogen bonding, and molecular structure. Characteristic patterns in splitting and integration of peaks reveal details about functional groups and molecular connectivity.

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Abomalek Malak
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34 views

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: by Mohamed Sobhy

1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and their magnetic properties. 2. NMR spectrometers apply a strong, static magnetic field to align atomic nuclei and a radiofrequency pulse to excite them. The nuclei absorb and emit radiofrequency energy at characteristic frequencies depending on their chemical environment. 3. NMR spectra are analyzed by observing chemical shifts that depend on factors like electronegativity, anisotropy, hydrogen bonding, and molecular structure. Characteristic patterns in splitting and integration of peaks reveal details about functional groups and molecular connectivity.

Uploaded by

Abomalek Malak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

(NMR) Spectroscopy

By
Mohamed Sobhy
1- Theory

2- spectrometer

3- Chemical Shift

4-Interpretation of 1HNR Spectra


1- Theory
Magnetic nucleus: its nucleus that carries odd
mass No. or odd atomic NO. or both e.g: 1H1 ,
13
C6 ,.

Magnetic nucleus has nuclear magnetic property


i.e spin or rotate rapidly producing magnetic
momentum along the axis of rotation.
A- normaly the nuclear magnetic fields are randomly
oriented
B- when placed in an external magnetic field (B0)
the nuclear magnetic field can either be aligned with
or oppose the external magnetic field.
1- Theory
The energy difference between aligned and
opposed to the external magnetic field (Bo) is
generally small and is dependent upon Bo
Applied EM radiation (radio waves) causes the
spin to flip and the nuclei are said to be in
resonance with Bo
2- Spectrometer
3- Chemical Shift
Chemical shift: the exact field strength (in ppm) of
a nuclei comes into resonance relative to a
reference standard (TMS)
Chemical shift (ppm) = shift down field from TMS
in (Hz) / spectrometer frequency in(MHz
3- Chemical Shift
Why TMS?
1- soluble in most solvents 2- inert 3- volatile
4- has 12 equivalent carbons
TMS signal is set to 0

Shielded nucleus :
As the electron density around the nucleus increase
the nucleus feels a smaller magnetic field so a lower
frequency is needed to achieve resonance.
Deshielded nucleus :
As the electron density around the nucleus decrease
the nucleus feels a larger magnetic field so lower
frequency is needed to achieve resonance.
3- Chemical Shift
Factors affecting on chemical shift
a- inductive effect b- anisotropic effect
c- vandewals deshielding d- hydrogen bonding

a- inductive effect
Greater the electronegativity greater is the deshielding
b- anisotropic effect
Electron movement in bonds will create magnetic
fields, which of course can change the local magnetic
environment of a particular nucleus.
Alkene -Annulen -Alkyne -Benzene -keton/ aldehyde
C- hydrogen bonding
5-Interpretation of 1HNR Spectra
1-Number of signal - indicate types of protons

2-Position of signals - indicate chemical environment

3-relative intensity of - proportional to NO.of protons present


Signals

4-Splitting of signals - indicate NO. of nearby protons


Splitting of signals
Chemical equivalent protons do not show spin-spin coupling
Only non equivalent protons couple
Calculated by using n+1 rule
n= number of protons in nearby nuclei
Coupling constant

The distance between the peaks in a given multiplet – J=Hz


Standard δvalues
1- The approximate value of methyl proton in NMR is

(A) 1.3 (B) 1.5 (C) 0.9 (D) 2.5

2- In NMR spectrum the nuclei in up field resonate at


(A) High frequency
(B) Low frequency
(C) It is constant throughout the spectrum
(D) It doesn’t depends on chemical shift

3- The nuclei that doesn’t give NMR signal is


(A) 15N (B) 11B (C) 19F (D) 31P

4- Signal splitting in NMR arises from


(A) Shielding effect
(B) Spin-spin decoupling
(C) Spin-spin coupling
(D) Deshielding effect
5- The possible number of peaks in 1H NMR
spectrum of the following structure is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

6- The peak due to the protons attached to 1 st


carbon in the
above structure splitted in to peaks of
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

7- The ratio of peak splitting in the above situation is


(A) 1:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:2:1 (D) 1:3:3:1
8- In proton NMR spectroscopy, hydrogen bonding results in
(A)Shielding effect (B)Deshielding effect
(C)Peak splitting (D)All of the above

9- Given below is a dihalo alkane. Select the number of signals


that will be produced by the compound in 1H NMR.

(A)One (B)Two (C)four (D)Five

10- Which of the following environmental effect is


influenced by magnetic field strength
(A) Chemical shift (B) Spin splitting (C) Both are influenced
(D) Both are not influenced
11- Spin-spin coupling is not observed when the protons
are separated by more than
(A) one sigma bond (B) Two sigma bonds
(C) Three sigma bonds (D) Four sigma bonds

12- Compound A has greater shielding constant than


compound B. Which of them will have more chemical shift?
(A) Compound A (B) Compound B
(C) Both will have equal chemical shifts
(D) Chemical shift has no relation with shielding constants

13- Chemical shift has the units of


(A) Parts per million (B) Parts per billion
(C) Tesla (D) No units
14- Equivalent protons in a molecules will have
(A) Same environment (B) Same chemical shift
(C) Same shielding effect (D) All of the above
15- Coupling constant of two nuclei is defined as
(A) Ratio of chemical shifts
(B) Distance between splitted peaks in Hz
(C) Difference of chemical shifts
(D) Ratio of absorption frequencies

16- Compared with vinylic protons, aromatic protons will


have
(A) Low chemical shift (B) High chemical shift
(C) No NMR signal (D) High splitting

17- Which of the following produces magnetic anisotropy


(A) Hydrogen bonding (B) Aromatic ring system
(C) Electronegativity (D) pH
18-The increase in the applied magnetic field strength
results in
(A) Increase in chemical shift (B) Decrease in chemical shift
(C) Increase in coupling constant
(D) Decrease in coupling constant
19- Nuclei with even number of protons and even
number of neutrons will have spin quantum number as
(A) 0 (B) ½ (C) 3/2 (D) 1

20-A group producing deshielding effect causes


(A) Increase in chemical shift (B) Decrease in chemical shift
(C) Splitting of the peaks (D) Converging of peaks

21- Which of the following has more chemical shift


(A) CH3F (B) CH3Cl (C) CH3Br (D) CH3I

22- Which of the following statement is CORRECT


(A) More the electro negativity lesser the chemical shift
(B) More the electro negativity more the chemical shift
(C) More the size of the atom lesser the chemical shift
(D) More the size of the atom more the chemical shift
23- Approximate chemical shift value of acidic proton in the
following compound will fall within the range of

(A) 2.5-4.5 (B) 1.5-2.5 (C) 4.5-6.5 (D) 9.0-12.0

24- The a-hydrogen of alcohols, amines and alkyl halides


fall in the NMR region of
(A) 2.5-4.5 (B) 1.5-2.5 (C) 4.5-6.5 (D) 9.0-12.0

25- Which of the following proton exists more down filed in


NMR

(A) Saturated (B) Aromatic (C) Vinylic (C) Allylic


26-Which of the following proton has more chemical shift in
NMR
(A) Alcohols (B) Carboxylic acid (C) Ketone (D) Vinylic

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