control and coordination

BY AARADHANA
XB
Control and Co-ordination in Animals

 Nervous system and endocrine system.

 In animals, the nervous system and hormonal system are responsible for control and
coordination
 Receptors: Receptors are the specialized tips of the nerve fibres that collect the
information to be conducted by the nerves.
 Receptors are in the sense organs of the animals
 Phono-receptors: These are present in inner ear.
 Functions: The main functions are hearing and balance of the
body.
 Photo-receptors: These are present in the eye.
 Function: These are responsible for visual stimulus.
 Thermo-receptors: These are present in skin.
 Functions: These receptors are responsible for pain, touch and
heat stimuli.
 These receptors are also known as thermoreceptors.
 Olfactory-receptors: These are present in nose.
 Functions: These receptors receive smell.
 Gustatory-receptors: These are present in the tongue.
 Functions: These helps in taste detection.
Nervous System:

 The nervous system is composed of specialized tissues, called nervous tissue. The nerve cell or
neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. It is the nervous system which is mainly
responsible for control and coordination in complex animals.

 Functions of the nervous system

 Nervous system receives information from the environment.

 To receive the information from the various body.
 To act according to through muscles and glands.
 A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
 Neuron: Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is
responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses. The neuron
consists of the following parts
 (i) Cyton or cell body: The cell body or cyton is somewhat
star-shaped, with many hair like structures protruding out of
the margin. These hair-like structures are called dendrites.
Dendrites receive the nerve impulses.
 (ii) Axon: This is the tail of the neuron. It ends in several hair-
like structures, called axon terminals. The axon terminals relay
nerve impulses.
 (iii) Myelin sheath: There is an insulator cover around the
axon. This is called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates
the axon against nerve impulse from the surroundings.
Types of neuron
Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from
a sense organ. Neuromuscular Junction is the point where a muscle
Motor neuron: These neurons send signals to a fiber comes in contact with a motor neuron carrying
muscle or a gland. nerve impulse from the control nervous system.
Association or relay neuron: These neurons relay the
signals between sensory neuron and motor neuron.
Synapse: The point contact between the terminal
branches of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of
another neuron is called synapse.

Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve

Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve impulses travel impulses travel in the following manner from
in the following manner from one neutron to the next : one neutron to the next :
Dendrites → cell body → axon → nerve endings at Dendrites → cell body → axon → nerve
the tip of axon → synapse → dendrite of next neuron. endings at the tip of axon → synapse →
Chemical released from axon tip of one neuron, cross dendrite of next neuron.
the synapse or neuromuscular junction to reach the Chemical released from axon tip of one
next cell. neuron, cross the synapse or neuromuscular
junction to reach the next cell.
Human Nervous System: The nervous system in humans can be divided into three main parts

1. Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the
spinal cord. The brain controls all the functions in the human body. The spinal cord works as
the relay channel for signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

2. Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the cranial
nerves and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The cranial nerves come our of
the brain and go to the organs in the head region. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal
nerves come out of the spinal cord and go to the organs which are below the head region.

3. Autonomous Nervous System: The autonomous nervous system is composed of a chain of

nerve ganglion which runs along the spinal cord. It controls all the involuntary actions in the
human body. The autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts :

Sympathetic nervous system.

Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System: This part of the
autonomous nervous system heightens the
activity of an organ as per the need. For example,
during running, there is an increased demand for
oxygen by the body. This is fulfilled by an
increased breathing rate and increased heart rate.
The sympathetic nervous system works to
increase the breathing rate the heart rate, in this
case.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: This part of the

autonomous nervous system slows the down the
activity of an organ and thus has a calming effect.
During sleep, the breathing rate slows down and
so does the heart rate. This is facilitated by the
parasympathetic nervous system. It can be said
that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in
the conservation of energy.
 BRAIN
Human brain is a highly complex organ, which is mainly
composed of nervous tissue. The tissues are highly
folded to accommodate a large surface area in less space.
The brain is covered by a three-layered system of
membranes, called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is
filled between the meninges. The CSF providers cushion
the brain against mechanical shocks. Furthermore,
protection. The human brain can be divided into three
regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Parts of Human Brain :
 Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum.
 Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.
 Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata.
 Some main structures of the human brain are explained below :
 Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brains. It is divided into two hemispheres
called cerebral hemispheres.

Functions of cerebrum
 The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions.
 It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions.
 It is the seat of learning and memory.
 Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake cycle
(circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking
Spinal cord: Spinal cord controls the reflex actions and conducts massages
between different parts of the body and brain.

Reflex Action: Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement

involuntary organs. When a voluntary organ is in the vicinity of sudden
danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to save itself. For
example, when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away
your hand in a jerk. All of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from
the imminent injury. This is an example of reflex action.

Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals, involved in a reflex
action, travel is called the reflex arc. The following flow chart shows the
flow of signal in a reflex arc.
Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector
(muscle)
The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory
neurons pick signals from the receptor and send them to the relay neuron.
The relay neuron is present in the spinal cord. The spinal cord sends signals
to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in action, moves
the receptor away from the danger.
Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle
tissues have special filaments, called actin and
myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a
series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium
ions enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and
myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that
is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle
brings movement in the related organ.

Endocrine System: The endocrine system is composed of

several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called endocrine
gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the
bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands.
Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the
nervous system in control and co-ordination. Nervous do not
react to every nook and corner of the body and hence hormones
are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts.
Moreover, unlike nervous control, hormonal control is
somewhat slower.
Hormones: These are the chemical messengers
secreted in very small amounts by specialized
tissues called ductless glands. They act on target
tissues/organs usually away from their source.
Endocrine System helps in control and coordination
through chemical compounds called hormones.
salt is necessary because: Iodine
mineral is essential part of
thyronine hormone so it is
important that we must consume
salt as in turn it is essential for
thyroid gland as it controls
carbohydrate, proteins and fat
metabolism for best balance of
growth deficiency of iodine might
cause disease called goiter.

Diabetes: Cause : It is due to

deficiency of insulin hormone
secreted by pancreas that is
responsible to lower/control the
blood sugar levels.
Treatment : Patients have to internally
administer injections of insulin hormone
which helps in regulating blood-sugar
level.

In case of flight or fight reaction to an

emergency situation, Adrenal glands →
release adrenaline into blood → which
acts on heart and other tissues → causes
faster heart beat → more oxygen to
muscles → reduced blood supply to
digestive system and skin → diversion of
blood to skeletal muscles → increase in
breathing rate.

Feedback mechanism: A type of self-

regulating mechanism in which the level
of one substance in body influences the
level of another.
 Control and Co-ordination
in Plants
Movements in plants and plant hormones.
Co-ordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants
do not have a nervous system. Plants use
chemical means for control and co-ordination.
Many plant hormones are responsible for
various kinds of movements in plants.
Movements in plants can be divided into two
main types :

Tropic movement
Nastic movement
 Tropic Movement: The movements which are in a particular direction in
relation to the stimulus are called tropic movements. Tropic movements
happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular direction. There
are four types of tropic movements.

(i) Geotropic movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity
is called geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic
movement, i.e. they grow in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show
negative geotropic movement.

(ii) Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is

called phototropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic
movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic movement. If a
plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the
container allows some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the
sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell division in the part of
stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends towards
the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased
secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the which is away from sunlight.
(iii) Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually
grow towards the nearest source of water. This shows a positive
hydrotropic movement.

(iv) Thigmotropism Movement: The growth in a plant part in response

to touch is called thigmotropism movement. Such movements are seen
in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil
around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts
of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.

2. Nastic Movement: The movement which do not depend on the

direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic movement. For
example, when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves
droop. The drooping is independent of the direction from which the
leaves are touched. Such movements usually happen because of
changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are
touched, the cells in the leaves lose- water and become flaccid,
resulting in drooping of leaves.
Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-
ordinate growth, development and responses to the
environment.
Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are

Auxin: (Synthesized at shoot tip).

Function: Helps in growth.
Phototropism: more growth of cells towards the light.
Gibberellin: Helps in the growth of the stem.
Cytokinins: Promotes cell division.
Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves
 Summaryyyy
Control and Coordination in Plants
•Stimuli: The change in the environment to which an organism responds.
•Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic
manner to produce a proper response.
•Phyto-hormones: These are plant hormones.
•Auxin: It is a plant hormone which promotes cell enlargement and growth in plants.
•Gibberellins: A plant hormone which promotes cell differentiation and breaking
dormancy of seeds and buds.
•Cytokinin: A plant hormone which promotes cell division and the opening of stomata.
•Abscisic Acid: It helps in inhibiting the growth of the plant and promotes wilting and
falling of leaves and food.
•Tropism: A growth movement of a plant which determines direction with the stimulus.
•Nastism: A growth movement of a plant which does not determine direction with a
stimulus.
•Phototropism: Movement of plants towards a light.
•Geotropism: Movement of plants towards the gravity of earth.
•Chemotropism: Movement of plants towards chemicals.
•Hydrotropism: Movement of plants towards the water.
•Thigmotropism: Movement of plants towards a response to the touch of an object.
Control and Coordination in Animals
•Stimuli: The change in the environment to which the organism responds.
•Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to produce a proper
response.
•Neuron: Functional unit of the nervous system.
•Synapse: A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons.
•Receptor: A cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to stimuli.
•Motor nerves: It carries the message from the brain to body parts for action.
•Sensory nerves: It carries the message from body to brain.
•Olfactory receptor: It detects smell by the nose.
•Gustatory receptor: It detects taste by a tongue.
•Thermoreceptor: It detects heat and cold by a skin.
•Photoreceptor: It detects light by eye.
•Reflex action: Sudden movement or response to the stimulus which occurs in a very short duration of time and does
not involve any will or thinking of the brain.
•Brain: An organ present in the skull which controls and regulates the activity of the whole body and is known as
president of the body.
•Cerebrum: Main thinking part of brain present in the forebrain area which controls all voluntary actions.
•Cerebellum: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in maintaining posture and balance of the body.
•Medulla: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in controlling voluntary actions of the brain.
•Spinal cord: It is a cylindrical structure of nerve fibres enclosed in the vertebral column which helps in the conduction
of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
Thank
youby AARADHANA