SEU2003

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Week 9-11
Three Phase Systems

06/07/2009
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Three Phase Systems

• A three phase system is formed by three single phase

systems, which are physically connected together for three

phase operation.
• To maintain constant power flow, the three single phase
circuits must be operated with the same voltage and current

magnitudes in each phase (circuit), but with a relative phase

angle of 120 electrical degrees.

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 A simple three-phase two-pole generator

Three separate windings or coils

with terminals a-a’, b-b’ and c-c’
are physically placed 120o apart
around the stator.

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Emf Generated
v(t)
va vb vc

2 3 4 3 t

va = Va sin t Va =V0
vb = Vb sin (t -120o) Vb = V -120o
vc = Vc sin (t -240o) = Vcsin (t +120o) Vc = V -240o = V 120o
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 A three phase system and its
vector diagrams

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Three Phase System-Phase
Sequence

• RYB or positive sequence, we describe the phase

sequence as Red-Yellow-Blue
• VR leads VY, which in turn leads VB. This sequence is
produced when the rotor rotates in the counterclockwise
direction. V V 0 o
VB R R ( rms )


VY  VY ( rms )   120 o
120o
120o VB  VB ( rms )   240 o
VR
-120o  VB ( rms ) 120 o

VY
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Three Phase System-Phase
Sequence
• RBY or negative sequence, we describe the phase
sequence as Red-Blue-Yellow
• VR leads VB, which in turn leads VY. This sequence is
produced when the rotor rotates in the clockwise direction.
Y
 VR  VR ( rms ) 0 o
120o
120 o
VR
VB  VB ( rms )   120 o
-120o VY  VY ( rms )   240o
VB  VY ( rms ) 120o
•Remember in this subject all phasor systems rotate counter
clockwise
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Three Phase System-Connections

Star Connection (Y) Delta Connection ()

• Usually is being used in system that • Usually is being used in system
need high voltage and low current that
need high line current and low
• There are two type of Y connection, phase current.
i.e: i) 3 wire star connection • Connect all the conductor in series.
ii) 4 wire star connection (3 live • No neutral line
conductors and one neutral)

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 An example of three phase
connections

For the phases all 240 V and at 120 wrt to one another,
06/07/2009 the system is balanced if the 3 loads are equal
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Definitions

Commonly AC power is a three-phase (3-Φ) supply system as shown

The 240 Volts single phase supply is just one part of such a multiphase
system
It is a common practice to use the following to specify the voltage and
Ia
current ratings of the three phase devices:
a
 Voltage between external terminals
(line-to-line voltage): VLL Van
 Current flowing in external lines Vab
n Vbn
(linescurrent):IL
Ib
VLL and IL are called ‘line’ quantities. Vca
b
Vcn
The voltages and currents internal to
the device are referred to as Vbc

‘Phase’ quantities Ic
(e.g. phase-to-neutral voltage).
06/07/2009 c
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Relationship between voltages and currents

For balanced systems the relationships are:

Star connection
Ia
Reference voltage: Van a
Phase current = Line current = IL
V
The voltage from one live conductor to another is an
Vab
called the line-to-line voltages or simply line voltages n Vbn

 e.g. Vab, Vbc, Vca Ib Vca

 To calculate Vab, (KVL) b
Vcn
Vab  Van  Vbn
 Van  Van   120 Vbc

 Van 1  (0.5  j 0.866)  Ic

c
 3 Van  30V Van  Vbn  Vcn  0
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In a perfectly balanced system
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Relationship between voltages and currents

•The following vector diagram shows the relationship between

phase angles of the phase and line voltages
• The 120º phase shift also exists between each line voltage

Vab  3Van  30 Vca

Vcn
Vab

Vbc  3Vbn   90 30°

-Vbn
120° Van

Vca  3 Vcn   210

Vbn
Line voltage (VL) has magnitude 3 VP and is
leading phase voltage (VPH) with 30°.
Vbc
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Relationship between voltages and currents

For balanced systems the relationships are:

Delta connection:
Phase voltage = Line-to-Line Voltage = VLL
I ab  I ab 0  I P 0
I bc  I bc   120  I P   120
I ca  I ca 120  I P 120
KCL :
 I a  I ab  I ca
 I P 0  I P 120
 I p 1 - (-0.5  j0.866)
 3 I P   30
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Relationship between voltages and currents

Ic
I a  I ab  I ca  3 I P   30 

I b  I bc  I ab  3 I P   150 Ica

I c  I ca  I bc  3 I P 90
120°
Iab

Line Current (IL) lagging current phase (IPH) 30°

-Ica
with 30°.

Ib Ibc Ia

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Loads

Loads can also be connected in a 3-phase fashion

a a
ZY
b
ZY
Y
Z

b
ZY
Load
ZY
c c
ZY

Load
n n

Star (Wye) connection of Load

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Loads

Loads can also be connected in a 3-phase fashion

a Load a

Z
b
Z

Z

Z

b Z
Z
c
c Load

Delta connection at the Load

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase balanced system

A 3-Phase 4 Wire Balanced System consists of a star connected source

connected to a star connected load by 3 live wires and one neutral
Such a system will be balanced if all the three loads are equal
In a balanced system, Ia+Ib+Ic = IN  The neutral current is zero at each
moment of time I V V 0
a an phase

Vbn  V phase   120

Van 0o
Vcn  V phase   240 Ia 
where V phase  Van  Vbn  Vcn
Za
Vbn   120 o
Ib 
Zb
Ic
IN Vcn 120 o
Ic 
Ib
Zc
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase balanced system

Wye-Connected Balanced Loads - Three wire system

Vas  V phase 0
Vbs  V phase   120
Vcs  V phase   240
where V phase  Vas  Vbs  Vcs
Ia
Vas 0o
Vas
Ia 
Za Za
S Vbs   120 o
Zb
Ib 
Ic
Zc Zb
Vcs Vbs
Ib Vcs 120 o
Ic 
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Zc
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase balanced system

Delta-Connected Balanced Loads

Ia Phase currents:
a
Vab 0o
I ab 
Z1
I ab I ca
V ab Vbc   120o
I bc 
Z2
V ca
Vca 120o
I ca 
Ib Z3

b
I bc
Z Line currents:
V bc
c
I a  I ab  I ca
Ic
I b  I bc  I ab
where I RY  I YB  I BR  I phasa
I c  I ca  I bc
and I R  I Y  I B  I line
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Example Problem

Given a balanced three phase four wire system with a wye-

connected inductive load whose series impedance is: Z = 4 + j4
(per phase), and a 415 V supply,
i) Calculate the phase and line voltages
ii) Line currents
iii) Demonstrate that the neutral current is zero
Ia

Ic
IN

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Ib
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase power

The three phase power is equal to the algebraic sum of

individual phase powers

If the load is balanced: P3ph = 3 Pphase = 3 Vphase Iphase cos θ

• Wye connection system

I phase = I L and VLL  3 Vphase
Real Power, P3ph = 3 Vphase Iphase cos θ
 3 VLL I L cos  Watt

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase power

• Wye connection system

I phase = I L and VLL  3 V phase

Reactive power, Q3ph = 3 Vphase Iphase sin θ
 3 VLL I L sin  VAr
Apparent power, S3ph = 3 Vphase Iphase
 3 VLL I L VA

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase power

• Delta connection system

VLL= V phase I L  3 I phase

Real Power, P = 3 Vphase Iphase cos θ

 3 VLL I L cos  Watt
Reactive power, Q3ph = 3 Vphase Iphase sin θ
 3 VLL I L sin  VAr
Apparent power, S3ph = 3 Vphase Iphase
 3 VLL I L VA
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 3-Phase power

For connection of wye as well as delta, the

formula for calculation of all the 3 powers that
are P(real), Q(reactive) and S(apparent) are the
same

06/07/2009
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Example Problem

A balanced wye-connected load of (8+j6)Ω per phase is

connected to a balanced 3-phase 400V supply. Find the line
currents, power factor, power and total volt-amperes.

06/07/2009
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Example Problem

Three impedances each of magnitude (15-j20)Ω are

connected in delta across a 3 phase, 400V supply.
Determine the phase current, line current, real
power and reactive power drawn from the supply.

06/07/2009
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Power measurement

– In a four-wire system (3 phases and a neutral)

the real power is measured using three single-
phase watt-meters.

– In a three-wire system (three phases without

neutral) the power is measured using only two
single phase watt-meters.

– The watt-meters are supplied by the line current

and the line-to-line voltage.

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Power measurement

Four wire system - Each phase measured separately

IA PA
Phase A
A W

VAN V IB PB
Phase B
A W

VBN V
IC PC
Phase C
A W

VCN V
Neutral (N)

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
 Power measurement

Three wire system -The three phase power is the sum of

the two watt-meters reading

IA
A W
PAB
Phase A P3  PAB  PCB
VAB = VA - VB V Vab  110 0V
Phase B
I a  20  70 A
VCB = VC - VB
V
Phase C
A W
IC PCB

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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
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INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS