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TQM Tools

The document discusses various quality management tools and techniques including: 1. Cost of Quality (COQ) which helps companies estimate how much money can be saved through process improvements. 2. Statistical Process Control (SPC) uses statistical techniques to manage processes and identify issues. 3. Quality improvement techniques for services include developing process manuals, automating processes, reducing failure demand, and conducting service blueprinting. 4. Specific reliability and maintenance techniques include reliability modeling, FMEA/FMCA, RCM, PMO, and root cause analysis.

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Christian Dagoy Señoron
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44 views20 pages

TQM Tools

The document discusses various quality management tools and techniques including: 1. Cost of Quality (COQ) which helps companies estimate how much money can be saved through process improvements. 2. Statistical Process Control (SPC) uses statistical techniques to manage processes and identify issues. 3. Quality improvement techniques for services include developing process manuals, automating processes, reducing failure demand, and conducting service blueprinting. 4. Specific reliability and maintenance techniques include reliability modeling, FMEA/FMCA, RCM, PMO, and root cause analysis.

Uploaded by

Christian Dagoy Señoron
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TQM TOOLS

AND THE IMPROVEMENT CYCLE

Compiled by: Ms. Dyrla O. Tubilla


Cost of Quality

The COST OF QUALITY (COQ) is a technique that helps a company


to decide how much of its resources are spent on activities that
avoid poor quality, assess the quality of the organization's goods
or services, and deal with the consequences of internal and
external failures. Having this knowledge helps a company to
estimate how much money it will save by making process changes.
Cost of Good Quality vs. Poor Quality
4 TYPES OF COST OF QUALITY

• Prevention Cost
Prior to operations, activities are organized and configured to ensure high
quality and avoid poor quality goods or services. New product evaluations, quality
planning, supplier audits, process evaluations, quality management teams,
education, and training are only a few examples.

• Appraisal Cost
During procedures, measurements and inspections are performed to ensure
that quality standards are met. Inspection, monitoring, process or operation audits,
and calibration of measuring and test equipment are only a few examples.
4 TYPES OF COST OF QUALITY

• Internal Failure Cost


Expenses incurred to correct defects found prior to a product or
service's delivery.
Scrap, rework, re-inspection, re-testing, material analysis, and material
downgrades are all examples.

• External Failure Cost


Expenses incurred when a consumer receives a product or service to
correct flaws found by the customer. Customer concerns, refunds, warranty
lawsuits, and product recalls are only a few examples.
Tools and Techniques to Quality Management

 Cause and Effect Diagram


 Control Charts
 Histogram
 Pareto Charts
 Flowchart
Cause and Effect Diagram
•
The cause-and-effect diagram is extremely useful in determining the
defect's root cause. Cause-and-effect diagrams depict the association
between the symptoms of a problem and the underlying cause. This
diagram depicts all of the problem's primary and secondary causes, as well
as the impact of all proposed solutions.
Control Charts

Control charts are graphs that show the effects of processes over time. Control
charts can be used to assess if process variances are under control or not.
Histo Graph

Histograms are a form of bar chart that shows how variables are distributed
over time. This is the mean of the distribution. Depending on the state of the
distribution, this graph can take on a variety of shapes.
Pareto Charts
According to Pareto, 80% of problems are caused by 20% of the causes. Others
have shown over time that the 80/20 rule applies to a wide range of disciplines
and regions. As a result, it was a good idea to classify and concentrate on the
defect group that accounts for the greatest number of cases.
Flowchart
Flowcharts are diagrams that show how to achieve a goal by following logical
steps in a logical order. Geometrical objects such as rectangular, rhombus,
parallelogram, events, and decision points are used to create flow charts in a
method. Flowcharting may assist in identifying where and how quality issues
can arise on a project.
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
•
The use of statistical techniques to manage a
process or production system is known as statistical
process control (SPC). SPC tools and procedures can aid
in the monitoring of process activity, the discovery of
internal system issues, and the resolution of production
problems. Statistical process control and statistical
quality control are also used interchangeably (SQC).

Run charts, control charts, an emphasis on quality


improvement, and the design of experiments are all
important resources in SPC. Manufacturing lines are an
example of a method where SPC is used. SPC can reduce
the amount of time it takes to make a product, in
addition to minimizing waste.
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES IN
SERVICE INDUSTRY
The following are the four key process improvement techniques for services:

1. Technique #1: DEVELOP A PROCESS MANUAL


A process manual is a set of instructions/directions for performing day-
to-day tasks. It's one of the most cost-effective methods for achieving any level
of process standardization
2. Technique #2: AUTOMATE PROCESS
Service operations are people-intensive activities, so there's a good
chance that they'll be infused with differences during service delivery. Using
process automation technologies, numerous companies in the service sector
have achieved process standardization in many areas to a large extent.
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES IN
SERVICE INDUSTRY

The following are the four key process improvement techniques for services:

3. Technique #3: REDUCE FAILURE DEMAND


There are two types of demands that service organizations face: failure demand and
value demand. Consumer demand for a service because they want something is called value
demand, while failure demand is induced by a failure to do something right for the customer and is
called failure demand.

4. Technique #4: CONDUCT A SERVICE BLUEPRINTING EXERCISE


Company blueprinting is a customer-centric approach to improving and innovating
services. The act of mapping out the service journey is known as service blueprinting. It entails
defining the main target customer group, service processes, and graphically depicting the
sequence of user behaviors, service responses, and touch points or interfaces that facilitate the
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN, RELIABILITY,
MAINTENANCE AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

There are many but we will just focus on the most commonly used
techniques.

 Reliability Modelling
 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) & Failure Modes and Critically Analysis (FMCA)
 Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) and PM Optimization (PMO)
 Root Cause Analysis
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN, RELIABILITY,
MAINTENANCE AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

• Reliability Modelling
Reliability Modelling is a goal-oriented network drawing and calculation
technique that uses a set of images to model basic functions of complex systems
(blocks). When used to model a system, each component is represented by a
block, and the relations between the blocks are used to show that each
component is performing its function properly.
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN, RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE AND PROCESS
IMPROVEMENT

• Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) & Failure Modes and Critically
Analysis (FMCA)

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a technique for identifying the
ways in which components, structures, or processes may fail to meet their
design purpose.
It identifies: all possible failure modes of different parts of a system, the
effects these failures may have on the system, the mechanisms of failure, and
how to prevent or minimize the effects of the failures on the system.

FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) is a form of FMEA that
ranks each fault mode according to its importance or criticality.
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN, RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE
AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

• Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) and PM Optimization (PMO)

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a technique for developing a practical


and efficient preventive maintenance program for equipment based on the
protection, environmental, operational, and economic implications of identified
failures and the deterioration mechanism that causes those failures.

PM Optimization (PMO), like RCM, is used to create a practical and reliable


equipment preventive maintenance program. Since there are no standardized
international standards for PMO, unlike RCM, the approach adopted by different
vendors can differ.
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN, RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE
AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

• Root cause Analysis (RCA)

A problem-solving technique that focuses on identifying the root


causes of defects or problems rather than only treating the symptoms.
Developing and implementing strategies to prevent the fault or
problem from recurring.
REFERENCES

• https://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/innovation/articles/four-key-process-improvement-
techniques-for-servic

• https://asq.org/quality-resources/statistical-process-control#:~:text=Statistical%20process%20control
%20(SPC)%20is,find%20solutions%20for%20production%20issues.

• https://www.whizlabs.com/blog/quality-management-tools-and-techniques/

• https://www.assetivity.com.au/article/reliability-improvement/four-essential-tools-and-techniques-for-
improving-equipment-reliability.html

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