INTRODUCTION

Rayon was first developed in the late 19th century as an alternative to silk. It was initially known as "artificial
silk" or "wood silk" because it resembled the luxurious feel of silk. Over the years, rayon production methods
have evolved, leading to various types of rayon fibers catering to different needs in the textile industry . Rayon is
a versatile and widely used synthetic fibers in the textile industry. It is known for its softness, breathability, and
ability to mimic the feel and texture of natural fibers like cotton, silk, and wool. Rayon is made from purified
cellulose, primarily derived from wood pulp, although other sources like bamboo and sugarcane can also be
used. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose in chemicals to form a viscous liquid, which is
then extruded through spinnerets to create fibers. Cuprammonium rayon threads are a type of rayon fibers
derived from cellulose, primarily sourced from cotton linters or wood pulp. The production process involves
dissolving cellulose in a cuprammonium solution, forming a thick, viscous liquid. This solution is then extruded
through spinnerets, creating fine filaments that solidify as they come into contact with air or a coagulating bath.
Cuprammonium rayon threads are known for their silky texture, high absorbency, and ability to take on vibrant
colors . They have a natural sheen similar to silk, making them popular in textiles that require a luxurious
appearance. These threads are used in various applications, including high-quality clothing, lingerie, decorative
fabrics, and embroidery threads . One of the challenges with cuprammonium rayon production is the
environmental impact of the cuprammonium solution, which contains copper and ammonia compounds. Efforts
are being made to develop more sustainable production methods and reduce the environmental footprint
associated with cuprammonium rayon threads. Additionally, the properties of cuproammonium rayon, such as
its ability to take on vibrant colors and maintain a luxurious appearance, contribute to its popularity in the
textile industry. Designers appreciate its versatility, enabling them to create a wide range of fashion styles, from
casual wear to high-end couture . Furthermore, the production of these rayon threads from filter paper aligns
with the principles of a circular economy. By repurposing waste materials, this approach reduces the strain on
natural resources and minimizes environmental impact, reflecting a holistic perspective on sustainable
production . The ongoing research and advancements in this field promise even more exciting possibilities,
pushing the boundaries of what can be achieved with eco-friendly textiles. As technology continues to evolve,
we can anticipate further innovations that enhance both the quality of products and their environmental
BACKGROUND
Cuprammonium rayon threads are a type of artificial textile fibre that was first developed in the late 19th century. They are made from
cellulose, which is derived from wood pulp or cotton linters, using the cuprammonium process. In this method, the cellulose is dissolved
in a solution of copper oxide and ammonia to form a viscous liquid. This liquid is then extruded through tiny holes to create threads,
which are then treated with chemicals to solidify and strengthen them . Cuprammonium rayon threads were widely used in the textile
industry in the early 20th century because of their silk-like appearance and softness. Despite this, cuprammonium rayon has historical
significance in the development of artificial fibers and their contribution to the textile industry .Cuprammonium rayon threads have a
fascinating historical background and continue to be relevant in the textile industry. Here's more detailed information about their
development and significance:
1. Historical Significance : Cuprammonium rayon played a crucial role in the textile industry during the early 20th century. It provided an
alternative to natural fibers like silk and cotton, contributing to the growth of the textile market and expanding the possibilities for
clothing and fabric design.
2. Innovations in Textile Design : The introduction of cuprammonium rayon threads opened up new avenues for textile designers. Its
smooth texture and ability to take on vibrant colors allowed for intricate and creative designs in fashion, leading to the production of
elegant and luxurious garments.
3. Art and Fashion : Cuprammonium rayon threads have been used by renowned fashion designers and artists in their creations. Its
lustrous appearance and soft feel make it a favourite choice for haute couture, contributing to the creation of exquisite and high-end
fashion pieces.
4. Niche Applications : While newer forms of rayon have emerged, cuprammonium rayon continues to find applications in niche
markets. Its unique characteristics, including its ability to blend seamlessly with other fibers, make it valuable in specific textile
applications where a combination of properties is required.
5. Sustainability Efforts : Over the years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable practices in the textile industry. Researchers
and manufacturers have been working on developing greener alternatives and more environmentally friendly production methods for
cuprammonium rayon, addressing concerns related to its chemical usage and environmental impact.
6. Cultural Significance : Cuprammonium rayon threads have been woven into the cultural fabric of various societies. They have been
used in traditional clothing, ceremonial garments, and artistic creations, preserving the heritage of textile craftsmanship in different part
of the world .
The evolution of cuprammonium rayon threads reflects the ongoing balance between tradition and innovation in the textile industry. As
technology advances and environmental consciousness grows, the development of sustainable practices continues to shape the future
of this unique and historically significant textile material.
TYPES OF RAYON
There are four major types or modifications of rayon. Understanding each type should help clarify differences in product
performance.
1. "Regular rayon" has the largest market share. It is typically found in apparel and home furnishings and identified on
labels by the term "viscose." The distinguishing property of regular rayon is its low wet strength. As a result, it becomes
unstable and may stretch or shrink when wet. Dry cleaning is usually recommended to preserve the appearance of fabrics
made from this fiber. If machine washed, untreated regular rayon can shrink as much as 10 percent.
2. High Wet Modulus (HWM) rayon is a modified viscose that has virtually the same properties as regular rayon, plus high
wet strength. HWM rayon can be machine washed and tumble dried and perform much like cotton in similar end uses.
HWM rayon can also be mercerized, like cotton, for increased strength and luster. The terms frequently used to describe
HWM rayon in apparel include "polynosic" rayon or the trade name MODALTM.
3. High Tenacity Rayon is a modification of "regular rayon" to provide exceptional strength (two times that of HWM
rayon). High tenacity rayon is primarily found intire cord and industrial end uses. It may be finished, chemically coated, or
rubberized for protection from moisture and potential loss of dimensional stability and strength during use.
4. Cuprammonium Rayon is another type with properties similar to those of viscose or regular rayon. The manufacturing
process differs somewhat from that of regular rayon and is less environmentally friendly. As a result, cuprammonium
rayon is no longer produced in the United States.
Other types of rayon have been developed for specialized end uses. These include disposable, non-woven markets, and
high-absorption rayon fibers with moisture-holding properties for disposable diapers, hygiene and incontinence pads, as
well as medical supplies.
Microfibers are not a type of rayon, but rather a very fine fiber that can be manufactured from either regular or HWM
rayon. Microfibers are generally less than one denier in diameter. Rayon microfibers have been successfully produced at
EXPERIMENT
AIM:TO PREPARE A SAMPLE OF CUPRAMMONIUM RAYON THREADS FROM FILTER PAPER
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
• Conical Flask (250ml)
• Funnel Glass
• Rod Beaker
CHEMICAL REQUIRED:
• Cupper Sulphate (CuSO₄)
• NaOH solution
• Dilute H₂SO₄
• Distilled water
REACTIONS:
Cu₂SO₄ + 2NH₄OH → Cu(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄
Pale Blue PPT:
Cu(OH)₂ + 4NH₄OH → [Cu(NH₃)₄](OH)₂ + 4H₂O
[Cu(NH₃)₄](OH)₂ + pieces of the filter paper left for 10-15 days gives a viscous solution called VISCOSE
PROCEDURE
Preparation of Schweitzer's solution:
• Weigh 20g of CuSO₄
• Transfer this to a beaker having 100ml distilled water and add 150ml of dilute H₂SO to prevent hydrolysis of CuSO₄
• Stir it with a glass rod till a clear solution is obtained. Add 11 ml of liquid ammonia dropwise with slow stirring. The
precipitate of cupric hydroxide is formed
• Filter the solution containing cupric hydroxide through the funnel with filter paper.
• Wash the precipitate into the beaker that contains sulphuric hydroxide with water until the filtrate fails to give a
positive test for sulphate ions with barium chloride solution.
• Transfer the precipitate into a beaker that contains 50 ml of liquid ammonia and wash it down the funnel
• This is known as Schweitzer's solution.
Preparation of cellulose material:
• After weighing 2g of filter paper divide it into very fine pieces in tetra cupric hydroxide solution in the beaker.
• Seal the flask and keep it for 10 to 15 days. During the period this filter paper is dissolved completely.
Formation of rayon threads:
• Take 50 ml of distilled water in a glass container. To this add 20 ml of conc. H₂SO4. Cool the solution in a big
container and pour some of the same solution’
• Fill the syringe with the cellulose solution prepared before.
• Place the big glass container of H₂SO₄ solution produced in ice.
• Immerse the tip of the syringe in the solution gently. Notice the fibres getting formed in the acid bath.
• Leave the fibres in the solution till they are decolorized.
• Filter and wash with distilled water .
CONCLUSION:
Rayon thread is therefore prepared through this method.
PRECAUTIONS:
• Addition of excess NH should be avoided.
• Before taking the viscose in the syringe make sure that it does not contain any
particles of paper, otherwise, it would clog the needle of the syringe.
• The addition of NH should be done in a fume cupboard and with extreme care.
The fumes if inhaled may cause giddiness. Use a thick needle otherwise the
fibers won't come out.