ROBOTICS

Robot Programming

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ROBOTICS
 Robot Programming
Content:
• Introduction
• On-line programming
• Concepts
• Teach-in
• Playback
• Sensor function
• Off-line programming
• What is an off-line programming?
• Arguments for an off-line programming
• Programming levels
• Summary

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 Introductory review
The industrial robot is an automatically controlled
From the
freely programmable, multifunctional manipulator
definition:
with three or more programmable axes, for
Industrial applications in either a
fixed or mobile platform, can be used.

Freely programmable: programmable movements

or auxiliary functions without physical
amendment to be changed.

Robot programming

On-Line Off-Line

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 Robot Programming

• Programming is the identification and

specification of a series of basic actions
which, when executed in the specified
order, achieve some specific task or
realize some specific process.
• Robot Programming is the defining of
desired motions so that the robot may
perform them without human intervention.

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Review: Some Definitions
• DoF: The degrees of freedom [degrees of
mobility] of the robot will be numbered as
q1, q2, q3 etc.
– Usually industrial robot arms have between 4
and 6 degrees of freedom, one at each joint.
• End-effector: The end of the robot arm,
where the gripper or other tool that the
robots uses is located, we will define as
the end-point (Pe) of the robot.
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If, for example, the robot has a two finger gripper, to
pick things up with, we usually define Pe to be a point
between the two fingers, so that when this point is
geometrically inside some object to be picked up, all
the robot has to do is to close the fingers of its
gripper to grasp the object. It can then move away
with the object between its fingers.

Pe

6
Pose: both the position of Pe in space, and
its orientation
– It is not sufficient for Pe just to be defined as
a point, we also need to attach or
(conceptually) fix a coordinate system to it,
so that we can define both the position of Pe
in space, and its orientation (together they
define the object pose).

e
P
Pe

7
Base Frame: The position and
orientation of Pe must be defined
with respect to some global
frame of reference, some global
coordinate system. For this we
usually use a frame of reference
fixed to the base of the robot,
which should not move.
– NOTE: The position and orientation
of Pe in the work space of the robot
are determined by the values of the
joint positions of the arm—q1, q2,
q3,etc.

8
 Configuration: Any particular
position and orientation of Pe in
space, and so any particular set
of joint values, is called a
configuration of the robot arm.

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 Robot Programming Revisited

• Robot Programming is the defining of

desired motions so that the robot may
perform them without human intervention.
– identifying and specifying the robot
configurations (i.e. the pose of the end-
effector, Pe, with respect to the base-frame)

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 Introductory review
The industrial robot is an automatically controlled
From the
freely programmable, multifunctional manipulator
definition:
with three or more programmable axes, for
Industrial applications in either a
fixed or mobile platform, can be used.

Freely programmable: programmable movements

or auxiliary functions without physical
amendment to be changed.

Robot programming

On-Line Off-Line

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 Robot Programming Methods

• Offline:
– write a program using a text-based robot programming language
– does not need access to the robot until its final testing and
implementation
• On-line:
– Use the robot to generate the program
• Teaching/guiding the robot through a sequence of motions that can
them be executed repeatedly
• Combination Programming:
– Often programming is a combination of on-line and off-line
• on-line to teach locations in space
• off-line to define the task or “sequence of operations"

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 On-Line/Lead Through
• Advantage:
– Easy
– No special programming skills or training
• Disadvantages:
– not practical for large or heavy robots
– High accuracy and straight-line movements are difficult to achieve,
as are any other kind of geometrically defined trajectory, such as
circular arcs, etc.
– difficult to edit out unwanted operator moves
– difficult to incorporate external sensor data
– Synchronization with other machines or equipment in the work cell
is difficult
– A large amount of memory is required

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 On-Line Programming

On-Line

TEACH-IN PLAY-BACK

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 Teach-In
Task: transfer of appropriate programs in the robot controller

The robot is along certain trajectories through the two conducted manually with
the both the robot and its movement and other devices in the robot cell monitored
closely.

Teach-in Process:

Teach Control Correct

Edit Starting from
Starting from Addition of Gradually,
points Commands for the Next,
points Perform
and again
and save Automatic operation backward
save

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 Teach pendant
PHG-types to a Teach-In program:

Keyboard Function keys

Features:
- To enable long cable to a good view
- Emergency stop switch
- Enabling switch
- Selection of TCP (Tool Center Point) function
- Selection of the coordinate
- Range of motion mode
- Selection of the speed of movement
- Status Display

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 Control Equipment
Types of robot-Program:

Source: ABB
Source: RIKO

Source: Stäubli
Editing on a CNC robot Editing by a keyboard
controlled by buttons and and an LCD display Editing by a keyboard
a built-in display on PHG and LCD display
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Teach-in coordinate systems

JOINT WORLD TOOL FREE

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 On-Line/Teach Box
• Advantage:
– Easy
– No special programming skills or training
– Can specify other conditions on robot
movements (type of trajectory to use – line,
arc)
• Disadvantages:
– Potential dangerous (motors are on)

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 On-Line Programming

• Requires access to the robot

• Programs exist only in the memory of
robot control system – often difficult to
transfer, document, maintain, modify

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 Pose Programming
Abstract task:
• Enter the "TCP" data
• Selection of the "Joint" coordinates
• Rotation of axes 1, 2 and 3 to pose a
• Choosing the "World or tool” coordinates
• Align the tool with "Roll, Pitch, Yaw Movement
• Switch to "Step or Slow Motion
Pose, exact position and orient
• Pose 1 save
- Poses are always stored in set-point (position
and orientation)
• Motion in Cartesian coordinates to pose 2
• Pose, position them and orient
• Pose 2 save
• Movement in the "wait-and-home" position
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Programming functions and signal
Example of a program on a very simple but defined robot!

Robot program Explanation

-Determination of the total velocity in mm / s and degree / s

- Determination of the acceleration factor
- Determination of the TCPs in mm (X, Y, Z, R, P, Y)
- Determination of the rate in % overall speed
- Bringing the Pose 1 for X, Y, Z
-
Motion in Cartesian coordinates to Pose 1
-
Determination of the pendulum motion during welding
- Welding start (signal to welding device)
- A straight weld line to pull Pose 2
- Welding End
-
Move away from Pose 2 for X, Y, Z
- Movement in joint coordinates to the home position

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 Programming Languages
Almost every robot has its own programming language!

Control independent language:

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 Play-Back Programming
- The operator uses the robot (or a device driver) directly.
- He leads the mechanism manually the task accordingly.
- During the movement the respective joint angle values can be read in a fixed
time frame and stored.

Requirements:
- Kinematic balance
- Low friction in the joints
- Very high flexibility of
movement
Advantages:
- Very easy programming
- No prior knowledge of the
operator necessary
Disadvantages:
Source: ABB
Source: Gorenje - Correction in difficult sections
of path
- Difficult change of velocity
Primarily for the coating or glue-robot 25
 Task of the sensors
Approach to the programming ease, flexibility and versatility

Important role SENSORS

- Searching for objects or poses

Parts on an assembly line, seam beginning, seam edge, plate boundary, installation help ...
- Tracking contours or litigation
Seam tracking, editing, with constant force (brushes, polishing, grinding, ...)
Bending process pursue prosecution of Machine removal of parts ...
- Velocity fitting
Teaching at a standstill, performing the move (coating on the assembly line, ...)

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 Off-Line Programming

What is Off-Line Programming?

When?

Why Off-Line Programming?

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What is Off-Line Programming?
Teach-in methods:
Satisfactory only when the time for teaching in
comparison to the production time is low.
The robot must be used instead for the
programming for the production.

Off-Line Programming:
The robot can work, while a new program is created.
Robot programs are independent of the singly or in total
produced in the production of industrial robots working.

Modern -Advanced Robot Controllers

robot:
-Increase of the absolute pose accuracy

-Adaptation of sensor technologies

These techniques are increasingly used in the industry.

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 Off-line Programming
• Programs can be developed without needing to use the robot
• The sequence of operations and robot movements can be optimized or
easily improved
• Previously developed and tested procedures and subroutines can be used
• External sensor data can be incorporated, though this typically makes the
programs more complicated, and so more difficult to modify and maintain
• Existing CAD data can be incorporated-the dimensions of parts and the
geometric relationships between them, for example.
• Programs can be tested and evaluated using simulation techniques, though
this can never remove the need to do final testing of the program using the
real robot
• Programs can more easily be maintained and modified
• Programs can more be easily properly documented and commented.

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 Robot Program Development

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 Robot Program Development Process
• Analyze and decompose the task into a series of
operations on the objects involved, and specify their
order.
• Identify and specify all the situations needed to program
all the movements and actions of the robot.
• Identify any types of repeated actions or operations and
specify them as subroutines with parameters.
• Design and develop the complete robot program and its
documentation.
• Test and debug the program using a simulator of the
robot and its work space.
• Test the program on the real robot.

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 Via Points!

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Why Off-Line Programming?
•Teach-In - Time-consuming activity
- This increases with the complexity of the task
• Teaching reduces the cost
- Robots can not produce during the Teachers
• Robot in mass production
- Spot welding in automotive industry
- Does teach in new constitute a minimal effort
• Robots in small and medium production
- Programming time can be considerably-
- Useful introduction of off-line programming
• Increasing complexity of robot tasks
- Off-line programming can be very attractive

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Benefits of Off-Line Programming
1. Reduction of the robot operating time
2. Dislocation of both ends of the danger area of the robot
3. Single robot programming system
4. Integration of CAD / CAM systems
5. Simplification of complex tasks
6. Optimization of robot programs
7. Access control
8. Cycle time analysis
9. Verification of robot programs

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 Off-Line Programming

OFF-LINE

Interactive Explicit Implicit

Movement Task

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Now we can say:

• Off-line programming is a significant increase in

the productivity of the robot in the industry.
• The main arguments for Off-Line system is the
reduction of the overall robot use time by the
overlap of the robot-programming with the actual
robot work.
• There are universal off-line programming systems,
which allow the generation of robot program codes
accessible for almost any industrial robot. In order
to reduce their dependence start from a single
robot.

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 Type of Robot Programming
• Joint level programming
– basic actions are positions (and possibly movements) of
the individual joints of the robot arm: joint angles in the
case of rotational joints and linear positions in the case of
linear or prismatic joints.
• Robot-level programming
– the basic actions are positions and orientations (and
perhaps trajectories) of Pe and the frame of reference
attached to it.
• High-level programming
– Object-level programming
– Task-level programming

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 Object Level Programming
• basic actions are operations to be
performed on the parts, or relationships
that must be established between parts
pick-up part-A by side-A1 and side-A3
move part-A to location-2
pick-up part-B by side-B1 and side-B3
put part-B on-top-off part-A
with side-A5 in-plane-with side-B6 and
with side-A1 in-plane-with side-B1 and
with side-A2 in-plane-with side-B2

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 Task Level Programming
• basic actions specified by the program are
complete tasks or subtasks

paint-the car-body red

assemble the gear-box

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 Literature:

http://www.societyofrobots.com/robottheory/Surve
y_of_Robot_Programming_Systems.pdf

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