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4.1 Giriş
• Until know we used Kirchhoff’s laws without
changing the circuit network.
• In order to simplify complex networks, there are
some theorems (Thevenin and Norton theorems)
• These theorems only applicable to linear circuits.

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4.2 Doğ rusallık Ö zelliğ i
• Linearity
– Homogeneity (scaling) property

– Additivity property

• A resistance satisfies both these properties hence a

• Current, voltage resistance relation is linear but power

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4.2 Doğ rusallık Ö zelliğ i

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4.2 Doğ rusallık Ö zelliğ i

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4.2 Doğ rusallık Ö zelliğ i
(Unit Output Method – Birim çıktı yö ntemi)

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4.2 Doğ rusallık Ö zelliğ i

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4.3 Superpozisyon

Keep in mind only independent sources are turned off.

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4.3 Superpozisyon
• Step by step
1. Identify all of the independent sources in the circuit.
2. Choose one source that will remain active. Deactivate all of the others.
(Remove current sources, leaving open circuits. Replace voltage sources
with short circuits.)
3. Using whatever techniques are appropriate, solve for the desired
quantity (current or voltage) in the circuit. This will be a “partial” result,
due only to the one active source in the circuit.
4. Return to the original circuit. Choose a different source to remain active
and deactivate all of the others.
5. Solve again for the desired quantity, which will be a second partial result.
6. Continue in this manner, working sequentially through each of the
sources in the circuit, finding a partial result for each.
7. Add together all of the partial results to obtain the total result
corresponding to all of the sources working simultaneously in the circuit.

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4.3 Superpozisyon
• Cautions in using superposition
1. Superposition only works with linear circuits. (Linear circuits
contain only sources, resistors, capacitors, inductors, linear
amplifiers, etc.) Most electronic devices (diodes and transistors)
are non-linear, so superposition will not be applicable.
2. Because the method relies on linearity, you cannot add powers
directly using the superposition method. (Power goes as v2 or i2 – it
is not linear.) Use superposition to find the total current or voltage
and then calculate power from that result.
3. When finding the partial solutions, be sure to maintain the same
voltage polarity and current direction in each case. For example,
one source may induce the current in a particular resistor to flow
in one direction while another source causes to a current flowing
in the opposite direction. You must keep the proper signs when
adding to the partial results to obtain the correct total result.

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.4 Kaynak Dö nü şü mü

Kaynaklar sıfırlandığ ında a-b noktalarından gö rü len direnç aynı

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4.4 Kaynak Dö nü şü mü

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4.3 Superpozisyon

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
• Thevenin’s Theorem states that a two terminal
linear circuit can be replaced by a voltage source
and resistor.

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
• How to find VTH and RTH

– Remove the load find VTh

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
• How to find VTH and RTH

– Remove the load and set independent sources zero to

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
• Remove the load and set independent sources zero
to find RTh

– if the circuit has dependent sources turn off all the

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
•

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi
•

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi

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4.5 Thevenin Teoremi

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4.6 Norton Teoremi
• Norton’s Theorem states that a linear two terminal
circuit can be replaced by a current source (IN) in
parallel with a resistor (RN).

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4.6 Norton Teoremi

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4.6 Norton Teoremi

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Norton’s Theorem

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4.8 Gü ç Aktarımı
• In many practical situations a circuit transfers
power to a load.

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İspat

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4.8 Gü ç Aktarımı
• For maximum power transfer:

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4.8 Gü ç Aktarımı

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4.8 Gü ç Aktarımı

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4.10 Uygulama 1:
• Source modelling
– An ideal voltage source provides constant voltage independent of
the load.
– An ideal current source provides constant current independent of
the load.
– However, ideal sources does not exists.

– Practically all sources have internal resistances.

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4.10 Uygulama 1:
• Source modelling
– Practical Voltage Source:

– If Rs=0, the source becomes ideal source.

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4.10 Uygulama 1:
• Source modelling
– Practical Current Source:

– If RL=0, the source becomes ideal source.

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4.10 Uygulama 1:
• Source modelling
– How can we find RS ( internal resistance) and Vs (unloaded source
voltage)?
First, measure the open circuit voltage,

Then connect a variable resistor and tune the resistance until VL =

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4.10 Uygulama 1:
• Source modeling
– Example:

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.
• Wheatsone Bridges provides more accurate resistance
measurement than Ohmmeters.

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.
• How does it operate:
– Tune the variable resistance until no current passes through the
Galvanometer (balanced bridge).
– At this point v1 = v2.

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.
• How does it operate:
– Tune the variable resistance until no current passes through the
Galvanometer (balanced bridge).
– At this point v1 = v2.

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.

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4.10 Uygulama 2:
• Resistance measurement.
– Wheatstone Bridge.

– Hint: find VTH and RTH .

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